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Protocol
Long-Term Measurements
Long-term measurements in slice electrophysiology typically constitute and . These measurements can last 1–2 h, requiring minimal baseline noise and easy detection of activated synaptic receptors. This can ...
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Spatiotemporal Effects of Synaptic Current
A neuron receives excitatory and inhibitory electrical signals from other neurons via synaptic connections on dendritic spines, branches, or somatic membranes. These signals travel from different locations to ...
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Electrophysiological and Visual Tags
Just like we can identify friends based on physical characteristics (voice, appearance, etc.), so too can we identify synaptic proteins or neurons based on their electrophysiological characteristics. This chap...
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Fast and Slow Synaptic Currents
There are different types of synapses and receptors that regulate fast and slow . This chapter discusses two classes of synapses (e.g., chemical and electrical) and the receptors that populate these synapses ...
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Amplitude
Amplitudes in ex vivo electrophysiological measurements refer to the value of currents or potentials recorded from one cell or a population of cells at a given time point. This chapter discusses amplitude meas...
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Measurement of Silent Synapses
In this chapter, we describe the approaches that can be implemented to estimate the level of excitatory silent synapses. For each approach, there are , which we describe at the end of the chapter. However, be...
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Pre-vs. Post-synaptic Effect
A commonly pursued goal in studying synaptic plasticity is to determine whether synaptic inputs undergo presynaptic and/or postsynaptic alterations following a stimulus and how these alterations affect the fir...
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Measurement of a Single Synapse
Electrophysiological measurements of single synapses are challenging given the size of a single synapse relative to a patch pipette. In addition, one has to take into account the limitations of microscopes in ...
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Extracellular Recordings
In this chapter, we answer key questions that are relevant to in vivo electrophysiological measurement such as what generates in vivo electrophysiological signals and how can these signals be measured? We also...
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Mutagenesis and Genome Engineering of Epstein–Barr Virus in Cultured Human Cells by CRISPR/Cas9
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9 nuclease (Cas9) system is a powerful genome-editing tool for both chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA. DNA vi...
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Protocol
Long-Term Measurements
Long-term measurements in slice electrophysiology typically constitute long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). These measurements can last 1–2 h, requiring minimal baseline noise and easy ...
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Protocol
Spatiotemporal Effects of Synaptic Current
A neuron receives excitatory and inhibitory electrical signals from other neurons via synaptic connections on dendritic spines, branches, or somatic membranes. These signals travel from different locations to ...
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Protocol
Patch Pipettes (Micropipettes)
Joining an established electrophysiology laboratory typically means that the micropipette fabrication process has already been perfected allowing newcomers to be trained without a complete understanding of how...
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Protocol
Fast and Slow Synaptic Currents
There are different types of synapses and receptors that regulate fast and slow synaptic currents. This chapter discusses two classes of synapses (e.g., chemical and electrical) and the receptors that populate...
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Protocol
Extracellular Recordings
The common approach to scientific research is to follow the theory of reductionism, which dissects complex scientific questions into basic components, thus limiting experimental variables and potential confoun...
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Protocol
Identification and Validation of the Cellular Targets of Virus-Encoded MicroRNAs
Since the identification of the first virus-encoded microRNA (miRNA) in Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cells in 2004, viral miRNAs have been found in different groups of herpesviruses. Viral miRNAs play a...