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Protocol
Functional Interrogation of Ca2+ Signals in Human Cancer Cells In Vitro and Ex Vivo by Fluorescent Microscopy and Molecular Tools
Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) and high-resolution confocal microscopy enable dynamic visualization of calcium signals in cells and tissues. Two-dimensional and 3D biocompatible materials mimic...
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Protocol
Using Mass Cytometry to Analyze the Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Human Melanoma
Here we describe the application of mass cytometry to analyze tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in human melanoma. Mass cytometry is the coupling of flow cytometry and mass spectrometry, which allows for the simu...
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Protocol
Multiplex Immunohistochemistry Analysis of Melanoma Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are an important prognostic indicator in melanoma and play a key role in the patient’s response to immune checkpoint blockade. However, until recently, it was not possible...
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Protocol
The Clinical Significance of Microsatellite Instability in Precision Treatment
The recent years have seen the high heterogeneity of colorectal cancer (CRC) receiving increasing attention and being revealed step by step. Microsatellite instability (MSI), characterized by the dysfunction o...
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Protocol
Analysis of IL-22 and Th22 Cells by Flow Cytometry in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Interleukin (IL)-22 belongs to the IL-10 family of cytokines. IL-22 exerts its biological effects via members of the cytokine receptor family class 2. CD4+ T helper (Th) cells predominantly producing IL-22 have b...
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Protocol
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization and Rehybridization Using Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Probes
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method enables in situ genetic analysis of both metaphase and interphase cells from different types of material, including cell lines, cell smears, and fresh and paraf...
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Protocol
The Isolation and Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), with their close association with cancer metastasis, the most aggressive feature of solid tumors, represent an important aspect of “liquid biopsy,” which provides minimally- or ...