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Non-Neoplastic and Indeterminate Thyroid Lesions
Non-neoplastic thyroid lesions include nodules with nondiagnostic cytology and those with benign cytology. In approximately 15% of cases, fine-needle...
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Cervical Lymphadenectomy in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) spreads preferentially to lymph nodes. When central or lateral cervical lymph node basins are macroscopically affected...
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Preoperative Diagnostics
First the possible prenatal diagnostics are explained. Then necessary preoperative diagnostic steps are laid down. This applies to the general...
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Nose
The nose is a complex three-dimensional structure and forms the most prominent part of the face. The concept of “subunits” was initially popularised...
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Surgical Treatment
General considerations concerning the timepoint and type of surgery are given in this chapter. Craniotomies are due in the first year of life. Facial...
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Strip Craniectomy Procedures Combined with Helmet Therapy
General considerations according to literature are laid down. Minimally invasive surgery with endoscopic support is demonstrated for sagittal suture...
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Decision-Making Process
Reconstruction of a facial defect needs to take into account a variety of factors, including the final aesthetic outcome. An overview of appropriate...
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Scalp Reconstruction
The skin of the scalp is thick and relatively inelastic, and the presence of hair and convex nature of the skull can all add to difficulties with...
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Local Anaesthesia
The sensory nerve supply of the skin of the head and neck region is principally by the branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical plexus, with...
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Forehead Reconstruction
The forehead unit varies between individuals and in the same individual at different times, depending on their hairlines. The relevant anatomy and...
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Traumatic Brain Injury in Pregnancy
Traumatic brain injury may cause significant morbidity and mortality in the pregnant trauma patient. Although there are minor differences, the...
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The Central Role of Specialized Neurocritical Care Teams: Standards of Neurologic Critical Care Units
Intensive care units evolved over the past century to become an integral part of the hospital system. Intensivists provide care for the most...
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Clinical and Bioethical Perspective on Brain Death, Organ Donation, and Family Communication
The concept of brain death emerged about 60 years ago, when the development of ventilators and other intensive care unit technologies allowed...
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Multiple Trauma Management: Treatment of Abdominal Injury in Combination with Trauma Brain Injury
Patients with combined head and abdominal trauma present unique challenges to the trauma team, namely in how to prioritize injuries, determine...
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Sedation, Pain, and Delirium in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury
The objectives of sedation/analgesia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are focused on preventing alterations in brain perfusion...
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Temperature Control and the Role of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Traumatic Brain Injury
Currently there are limited therapeutic interventions that have been reported to improve functional outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury...
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Out-of-Hospital Management of Traumatic Brain Injury
The out-of-hospital management of patients with suspected traumatic brain injury should focus on initial management of airway, breathing, and...
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Infection Management in the Neurocritical Care Setting
Central nervous system infections are frequently seen in patients with penetrating head trauma or neurosurgical procedures or instrumentation....
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Seizure: Prophylaxis and Treatment in Acute Brain Injury
Prophylaxis for post-traumatic seizures is a current practice to avoid the morbidity and potential secondary brain injury associated with...
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Recent Advances in Scar Research and Unanswered Questions
Hypertrophic scars or keloids are aesthetically disfiguring and can cause pain, itching, discomfort as well as psychological stress, often...