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Introduction
The Caspian Sea, the largest enclosed basin on the planet, is distinguished by special natural conditions, contains rich natural resources... -
Pollution of the Caspian Sea
The pollution of Caspian Sea waters and bottom sediments was described on the basis of long-term monitoring data from 1978 to 2004. It was shown... -
Introduced Species
Five species of diatom algae, ten species of epiphyte-fouling algae, seven species of plankton invertebrates, 21 benthic organisms and three... -
Natural and Artificial Radioactivity in the Rhine and Its Tributaries
Presently, natural and artificial radioactivity in the Rhine River does not present a radiological hazard to the population. On the contrary, the... -
Early Warning Strategies and Practices Along the River Rhine
In 1986, the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) installed a Warning and Alarm Plan (WAP) in order to avert the dangers... -
Economic and International Legal Dimensions
The Caspian Region has abundant hydrocarbon resources (oil and gas), as well as biological resources (fish), particularly the unique sturgeon,... -
Pharmaceuticals in the River Rhine
Pharmaceuticals are introduced into the River Rhine mainly via wastewater and can be detected almost permanently in mixed samples taken over the... -
Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay
Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay is a large lagoon east of the Caspian Sea and normally covers an area around 18000 km2 and is only a few meters deep. It is... -
Pollutants as Byproducts and Degradation Products of Chemical Syntheses
Byproducts of industrial organic syntheses are emitted with the wastewater into the River Rhine; in many cases they are polar and poorly... -
Water Quality of Lake Constance
Lake Constance is used as a drinking water reservoir for about 5 million people. Because of its glacial origin from the Alps, the amount of... -
Conclusions
This conclusion completes one more review concerning the natural condition of the Caspian Sea and the principal trends of change in the second... -
Hydrology
The River Rhine is one of the major rivers of Europe -#8211; the only river that connects the Alps with the North Sea. It flows 1320 km from two... -
Natural Chemistry of Caspian Sea Waters
Principal features of the natural chemistry of Caspian Sea waters are assessed: the salt(ionic) composition, dissolved oxygen, active reaction... -
Physico-Geographical Conditions of the Caspian Sea
The main physico-geographical features of the Caspian Sea are under consideration. They include brief description of the coasts, bottom relief and... -
Assessment of Organic Compounds in the Rhine Estuary
Over the past centuries the Rhine estuary has changed from a natural, hardly disturbed estuary into an anthropogenetically influenced area that... -
Thermohaline Structure and General Circulation of the Caspian Sea Waters
The results of statistical and physical analysis of historical ship (more then 56 000 stations) and coastal temperature data and salinity... -
Biological Features and Resources
The Caspian Sea is of enormous importance, because of its extremely valuable fish resources. Thousands of tons of kilka, roach, bream, herring,... -
Environmental Issues of the Caspian
Environmental problems in the Caspian and its coastal zone shaped, and reflect the consequences of, the historical and economic development of the... -
Occurrence, Fate and Relevance of Aminopolycarboxylate Chelating Agents in the Rhine Basin, Germany
Aminopolycarboxylates are used in many products and industrial applications because of their ability to form stable complexes with metal ions. The... -
Analysis, Occurrence, and Fate of Aromatic Sulfonates in the Rhine and Its Tributaries
An overview is given of the occurrence of aromatic sulfonates in the Rhine river and its tributaries. Since 1990, 25 different monomeric sulfonates...