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Chapter
Blood Substitutes
The history of “blood substitutes” goes back nearly a century. Soon after the discovery of oxygen and the relation of oxygen and hemoglobin as life-delivering components of blood, efforts were undertaken to de...
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Chapter
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Indications, Use, and Adverse Effects
In this chapter, we discuss indications, pre-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) evaluations, concurrent use of ECT and psychotropic medications, right unilateral ultra-brief pulse wave ECT, methods of ECT adminis...
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Chapter
Liver Transplantation Imaging
Liver transplantation (LT) has been accepted as the effective curative treatment for patients with end-stage hepatic disease, attributed to advances in organ procurement and surgical techniques a...
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Chapter
Ileocolonoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Because of the similar gastrointestinal symptoms and extraintestinal manifestations among various inflammatory intestinal disorders, it is important, but not always easy, to make a correct diagnosis of IBD for...
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Chapter
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Indications, Use and Adverse Effects
In this chapter, we discuss indications, pre-ECT evaluations, concurrent use of ECT and psychotropic medications, right unilateral ultra-brief pulse wave ECT, methods of ECT administration, adverse reactions, ...
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Chapter
Winding the Clock: Development of Hypothalamic Structures Controlling Biological Timing and Sleep
The daily cycle of sleep and wake governs all aspects of behavior and is under tight homeostatic regulation. The core circadian oscillator in turn restricts sleep to specific intervals of the solar day. The ne...
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Chapter
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exhibits an obvious sexual dimorphism, since it has a significantly high male-to-female ratio in the incidence rate. HCC occurs more frequently and aggressively in men than in wo...
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Chapter
Chronic Liver Disease
A better understanding of how sex/gender differences affect liver health and disease is essential to achieving individualized health care and informed decision-making for patients with chronic liver disease. T...