73 Result(s)
within
Chapter
Leonard F. Koziol
English
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Chapter
Summary
Many people are taught that when writing a manuscript, it is useful to apply three organizational principles. First, an introduction should describe what the text of the article or the subsequent chapters of t...
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The Normal Distribution of the Bell-Shaped Curve
This chapter briefly reviews a few very basic statistical concepts that are necessary for interpreting neuropsychological tests. We discuss the “why” and “how” these concepts underpin aspects of symptom identi...
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The Interpretive Significance of Pathognomonic Signs
There are a number of behaviors that are almost always clinically relevant and diagnostically significant. These behaviors are usually observed infrequently, depending upon the age of the person being evaluate...
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Methods of Neuropsychological Test Interpretation
This chapter and much of the remaining content of this e-book focuses upon methods of neuropsychological test interpretation. Some graduate students are taught highly specific ways of organizing test data. One...
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Beyond the Bell-Shaped Curve
The prior chapter demonstrated that referring only to a level of performance criteria tells us little, if anything, about any given person’s clinical status. Assuming all cognitive functions can be understood ...
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Tradition and Innovation: Making the Neuropsychological Evaluation a More Powerful Tool
Most neuropsychological tests are blatantly explicit. By this, we mean that most of the tests we administer focus upon the concept and assumptions of conscious cognitive control. In addition, many of these tas...
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Basic Principles: Behavioral History and What It Means
This chapter is about obtaining history information. Every neuropsychologist knows how to do this aspect of the evaluation. The focus of this chapter is more specific. In this day and age, the histories we obt...
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Missing Elements in the Neuropsychological Assessment of EF
There are many reasons why current neuropsychological tests can demonstrate only limited utility in the assessment of cognitive control. One reason concerns the paradigm upon which many neuropsychological test...
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How Well Do These Principles “Fit” Exceptional Cases?
So, if the attentive reader follows the logic of this argument, a seemingly significant problem emerges. Why is it that people who were never able to move still acquire thinking capability? Once again, consist...
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The Exceptionality of the Congenitally Blind
If movement and cognition are linked, then it follows that people who are born blind should provide additional clues about the development of thinking. Although more research is needed in the area of cognition...
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Ways of Generating Behavior
Organisms are not stationary. Organisms must move! Therefore, adaptation is not static. Instead, it is dynamic. It is based upon continuous interaction with the environment. Therefore, adaptation is based upon...
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Clues to Understanding the Phylogeny of Behavioral Control
Any living organism has, by definition, successfully adapted to its environment. And, broadly speaking, success leaves behind its clues. Reviewing the “duties” of the vertebrate brain provides these clues. Accord...
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The Four Steps of the Development of the Cognitive Control System
Thinking evolved in order to develop the ability for anticipation to guide the physical actions necessary for survival. In other words, we “think” in order to control and anticipate the outcomes of what we do;...
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Why Cognitive Control Is an Expansion of Cortical-Cerebellar and Cortical-Basal Ganglia Motor Control Systems
In addition to the lateral left and right hemispheric divisions of the brain, the neocortex can also be divided along an anterior and posterior gradient. The posterior regions, or the occipital, parietal, and ...
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Structure and Function of the Cerebro-Cerebellar Circuitry System
Schmahmann and Pandya [38] are arguably the primary source in describing the cerebro-cerebellar circuitry system, although other investigators have made critical contributions as well [215, 218]. While it is a...
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Interim Summary
This paper recommends banishing the term “executive functioning” and replacing it with the concept of a “cognitive control system.” This system is likely an evolutionary extension of the vertically organized c...
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Cognitive Control, Reward, and the Basal Ganglia
The action selection, or gating function of the basal ganglia is dependent upon the integrity of the dopaminergic reward system (see Volume I for an illustration of dopaminergic pathways [2]). At base, this is...
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Why People Who Cannot Move Are Able to Think
The first clue in approaching an answer concerns the fact that for the brain, the only difference between planning or imagining an activity and engaging in the activity is the actual execution of that behavior...
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The Exceptionality of Deafness
Deafness represents another area of exceptional presentation potentially important to the development of cognition. Deaf people can observe. However, to refresh the readers memory, in the above discussion of t...
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Summary, Conclusions, and Future Direction
In kee** with Einstein’s quote used to introduce this volume, an attempt was made to understand EF by trying to simplify and identify its stimulus-based characteristics. EF represents an ambiguous issue. Amb...
