30 Result(s)
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Chapter
Summary
Many people are taught that when writing a manuscript, it is useful to apply three organizational principles. First, an introduction should describe what the text of the article or the subsequent chapters of t...
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Chapter
The Normal Distribution of the Bell-Shaped Curve
This chapter briefly reviews a few very basic statistical concepts that are necessary for interpreting neuropsychological tests. We discuss the “why” and “how” these concepts underpin aspects of symptom identi...
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The Interpretive Significance of Pathognomonic Signs
There are a number of behaviors that are almost always clinically relevant and diagnostically significant. These behaviors are usually observed infrequently, depending upon the age of the person being evaluate...
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Methods of Neuropsychological Test Interpretation
This chapter and much of the remaining content of this e-book focuses upon methods of neuropsychological test interpretation. Some graduate students are taught highly specific ways of organizing test data. One...
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Chapter
Beyond the Bell-Shaped Curve
The prior chapter demonstrated that referring only to a level of performance criteria tells us little, if anything, about any given person’s clinical status. Assuming all cognitive functions can be understood ...
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Tradition and Innovation: Making the Neuropsychological Evaluation a More Powerful Tool
Most neuropsychological tests are blatantly explicit. By this, we mean that most of the tests we administer focus upon the concept and assumptions of conscious cognitive control. In addition, many of these tas...
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Basic Principles: Behavioral History and What It Means
This chapter is about obtaining history information. Every neuropsychologist knows how to do this aspect of the evaluation. The focus of this chapter is more specific. In this day and age, the histories we obt...
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ADHD and Neuropsychological Nomenclature
While the DSM defines a diagnosis by a set of behaviors that are assigned to a category, neuropsychology, the study of brain–behavior relationships [28], seeks to identify the brain regions, systems, and/or ne...
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Preliminary Answers to the Question
While specific neuropsychological tests can identify key features of ADHD, their scope is limited to measuring symptoms of ADHD; they do not identify groups of heterogeneous symptoms necessary to make a catego...
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The Ontogeny of Functional Brain Networks
Within the cerebral cortex, the neurocognitive functions of attention, visual and auditory information processing, memory, and the cognitive control of working memory rely on the development of distinct, yet i...
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The Selection Problem
In consideration of the complexity of interconnectivity circuitry profiles and their relationship with ADHD, summarizing posterior regions of the neocortex as exquisite sensory processors and anterior neocorti...
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Chapter
The Modular Organization of the Cerebellum
The cerebellum is organized along an anterior–posterior and lateral–medial gradient. The anterior lobes of the cerebellum are involved in movement—typically that which is very well practiced or automatic.
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Chapter
Broad-Based Neuropsychological Test Batteries and ADHD
Clinical neuropsychology has made important theoretical contributions to current neuroscientific inquiry into ADHD [66, 67]. The research typically validates various findings of importance to the disorder by o...
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Neuroscience, Neuropsychology, and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: ADHD as a Model of Brain-Behavior Relationships
Most brain models of human behavior are cortico-centric and assume that behavior is primarily driven by the neocortex. The cortico-centric model assumes the primary purpose of the brain is to “think.” It focus...
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Neuropsychological Models of Attention and ADHD
Clinical neuropsychology, distinct from neuroscience, is primarily concerned with understanding brain–behavior relationships that drive higher-order cognitive functions. Our “cognitive machinery” is typically ...
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Chapter
The Neocortex, Regional Functional Specialization, and Cognitive Networks
Functional specialization can be defined as the degree of information processing specificity of a given brain region for a particular cognitive ability or facet of cognitive/behavioral operations.
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Chapter
The Basal Ganglia and Intention Programs
Denckla and Reiss were perhaps the first to propose ADHD as a disorder of intention rather than as a disorder of attention. Understanding cortico-basal ganglia connections allows us to conceptualize ADHD as a dis...
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Reward Circuitry and the Basal Ganglia
Cortical–basal ganglia circuitry and these integrative networks allow us to understand how stimuli might be transformed into actions that lead to desired, intended, or expected outcomes. The reward circuit pla...
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Revisiting Neuropsychological Testing and the Paradox of ADHD
Structural and functional neuroimaging research into ADHD has generated overwhelming and compelling evidence that ADHD symptoms are a manifestation of abnormally functioning brain circuitry [4, 38, 156, 260, 2...
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Concluding Remarks
The diagnostic categories of ADHD that group sets of heterogeneous symptoms have failed to align with the findings that have emerged from various disciplines in the neurosciences.
