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    Chapter

    Clinical Requirements of Quantitative Monitoring: Low Flow and Closed Circuit

    The continuous measurement of concentrations of gases (including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inhalation anaesthetic agents) is essential and integral to the safety of closed-circuit anaesthesia.

    T. Oyama, H. Ishihara, K. Isozaki, T. Suzuki, A. Matsuki in Quantitative Anaesthesia (1989)