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**a Wang MD
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Overview of Pediatric Echocardiography
Echocardiography is an imaging method that uses ultrasound waves to visualize the heart’s structure and function. Pediatric echocardiography [1–4] has a history that dates back to the 1950s, when ultrasound im...
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Septal Defects
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening in the wall (septum) between the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart.
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Hybrid Procedure for Congenital Heart Diseases (CHDs)
The transcatheter closure of VSD using various devices has shown positive outcomes for over two decades, as reported in studies [1]. However, the periventricular technique for VSD device closure is a hybrid pr...
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Miscellaneous Congenital Heart Diseases
The most common primary cardiac tumors are mostly benign, including rhabdomyoma, teratoma, and fibroma [1, 2]. Symptoms of a cardiac tumor in postnatal life depend on its size and location. A large tumor can c...
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Unusual Shunt and Fistula
An aorta-right atrial tunnel, also referred to as an aorto-right atrial fistula, is an abnormal connection between the aorta and the right atrium of the heart. It typically involves an extracardiac vascular ch...
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Postoperative Residual Defect
Catheter-based interventions can be an alternative to additional surgery when there is a remaining shunt or defect following certain congenital heart surgeries. Reoperating on these residual defect or shunt ca...
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Valvular Abnormalities of Atrioventricular Connections
The second stage of the palliation is the bidirectional Glenn shunt (BGD), which is shown in Fig. 4.2b, b1, and is a surgical procedure performed at 3–6 months of age. This involves creating a connection betwe...
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Valvular Abnormalities
Congenital MS is a heart condition present from birth, characterized by a narrow or stiff mitral valve that obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This leads to congestive symptoms an...
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Anomalies of the Great Vessels & Ventriculoarterial Connections
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital heart defect in which the two major arteries leaving the heart are switched, meaning that the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary a...
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Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) for Pediatric Congenital Cardiac Surgery and Catheter Intervention
Pediatric transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been developed since the 1990s [1, 2] (Fig. 2.1) and was initially used for critical care in adults. As technology of TEE advanced and its benefits became m...
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Cardiac Chamber Anomalies
Cor triatriatum is a rare congenital heart defect in which the left or right atrium of the heart is divided into two compartments by a membrane, resulting in a triatrial heart. Cor triatriatum sinister is a condi...
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Septal Defects
Traditionally, septal defects were repaired through open-heart surgery. However, advancements in interventional cardiology have led to the development of transcatheter techniques as an alternative option. The ...
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Management of Acute Thermal Injury
Thermal injury is a common cause of trauma that results in significant costs to both the individual and to society. The mechanism of injury whether it is flash or flame burns, scald injury, or electrical burn ...
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Quantification of Pulsatility During Mechanical Circulatory Support
In order to meaningfully compare different perfusion modes (pulsatile vs. non-pulsatile flow) or different types of pulsatile flow (diminished or physiological pulsatility) during mechanical circulatory suppor...
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Management of Non-infectious complications during and after Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Placement
Penile prosthesis implantation is an effective treatment option for patients with medically refractory erectile dysfunction (ED). In the hands of an experienced surgeon, complication rate remains low. Although...
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Preconception and Prenatal Factors and Metabolic Risk
The prenatal period is a critical developmental stage for obesity and metabolic outcomes. In light of the global obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) epidemic and growing evidence of early life origins of obesit...
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Patient’s Own Risk Factors
Successful robotic surgery requires preoperative medical optimization. Best practice addresses the spectrum of the patient’s own medical risk factors in an effort to identify patients with elevated risk and as...
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Coronary Venous Bypass Lesions
Saphenous vein graft (SVG) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are common, currently representing approximately 6% of the overall PCI volume. SVG PCI is associated with higher risk of periprocedural com...
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Liver Transplantation for the Patient with High MELD
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l-Arginine and Its Transporters in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. The current treatment protocol still heavily relies on early diagnosis and surgery. Treatment options remain limited for recurre...
