73 Result(s)
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Chapter
Leonard F. Koziol
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The Neocortex, Regional Functional Specialization, and Cognitive Networks
Functional specialization can be defined as the degree of information processing specificity of a given brain region for a particular cognitive ability or facet of cognitive/behavioral operations.
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The Basal Ganglia and Intention Programs
Denckla and Reiss were perhaps the first to propose ADHD as a disorder of intention rather than as a disorder of attention. Understanding cortico-basal ganglia connections allows us to conceptualize ADHD as a dis...
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Reward Circuitry and the Basal Ganglia
Cortical–basal ganglia circuitry and these integrative networks allow us to understand how stimuli might be transformed into actions that lead to desired, intended, or expected outcomes. The reward circuit pla...
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Revisiting Neuropsychological Testing and the Paradox of ADHD
Structural and functional neuroimaging research into ADHD has generated overwhelming and compelling evidence that ADHD symptoms are a manifestation of abnormally functioning brain circuitry [4, 38, 156, 260, 2...
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Concluding Remarks
The diagnostic categories of ADHD that group sets of heterogeneous symptoms have failed to align with the findings that have emerged from various disciplines in the neurosciences.
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ADHD, Attention, and DSM Diagnosis: History and Context
The diagnostic and statistical manual of psychiatric disorders (DSM) represents a categorical approach to behavioral diagnosis in which a person is considered to have or not have a disorder based on whether he...
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Diagnostic Systems and Etiological Models
The DSM system is based on a medical model of etiology that assumes, broadly speaking, that a disease process has a single identifiable cause that can generate a group of symptoms. This made more sense when th...
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Dimensional Approaches for Evaluating Disorders: Research Domain Criteria
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) is an approach to conceptualizing disorders and studying symptoms that provides an alternative and complement to the DSM classification system. The National Institutes of Mental...
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Large-Scale Brain Networks and Functional Connectivity
Yeo and colleagues, using MRI-related indices of brain anatomy and functional connectivity from 1,000 healthy adult subjects, recently observed the remarkable replicability of the same seven patterns of cortic...
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Large-Scale Brain Network Disturbances in ADHD
A recent meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies of children and adults with ADHD presented compelling evidence that the symptoms of ADHD are behavioral manifestations of dysfunction in multiple neuronal networks tha...
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The Basal Ganglia
The basal ganglia are a collection of bilaterally represented, anatomically and functionally linked groups of gray matter nuclei located deep within the white matter of the brain. They lie at the core of the c...
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The Basal Ganglia: Focused Attention and Learning Through Integrative Networks
Cortical–basal ganglia circuits were initially described as highly segregated. Each identified circuit was characterized as subserving a discrete functional behavior [46, 50] and following the connectional pat...
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The Development of Motor Skills, Executive Functions, and a Relationship to ADHD: A Preliminary Review
The basal ganglia and certain regions of the cerebellum are reasonably mature at birth [236]. All infant, toddler, or childhood movement is purposive [237]. It represents goal-directed action that foresees or ...
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The Cerebellum
Today, 25 years or so after, neuroscientific, neuropsychiatric, and neuropsychological research began to focus on the question of whether the cerebellum is involved in cognitive and/or affective functions, the...
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Neural Network Dynamics: How Large-Scale Brain Networks Interact
Successful sensorimotor interaction must be a dynamic process with a changing neuroanatomic locus of control dependent upon task or environmental conditions. The first study of multiple neural network dynamics...
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Missing Elements in the Neuropsychological Assessment of EF
There are many reasons why current neuropsychological tests can demonstrate only limited utility in the assessment of cognitive control. One reason concerns the paradigm upon which many neuropsychological test...
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How Well Do These Principles “Fit” Exceptional Cases?
So, if the attentive reader follows the logic of this argument, a seemingly significant problem emerges. Why is it that people who were never able to move still acquire thinking capability? Once again, consist...
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The Exceptionality of the Congenitally Blind
If movement and cognition are linked, then it follows that people who are born blind should provide additional clues about the development of thinking. Although more research is needed in the area of cognition...
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Ways of Generating Behavior
Organisms are not stationary. Organisms must move! Therefore, adaptation is not static. Instead, it is dynamic. It is based upon continuous interaction with the environment. Therefore, adaptation is based upon...
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Clues to Understanding the Phylogeny of Behavioral Control
Any living organism has, by definition, successfully adapted to its environment. And, broadly speaking, success leaves behind its clues. Reviewing the “duties” of the vertebrate brain provides these clues. Accord...
