52 Result(s)
within
English
Medicine & Public Health
Biostatistics
Public Health
**n-**n **e
Chapter
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Chapter
Summary Measures in Statistics
Summary measures provide compact descriptions of one or more study variables. Summary measures include statistical properties, such as the mean and median of a distribution, and graphical presentations, such a...
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Measures of Disease Frequency
Measures of disease frequency quantify the burden and development of disease in populations. Two common measures of disease frequency are prevalence and incidence. Prevalence provides a snapshot of the amount ...
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Hypothesis Tests in Practice
Hypothesis tests, such as the t-test, chi-square test, and ANOVA test, yield p-values that represent the probability of observing a particular study result, or a more extreme result, if a pre-specified null hypot...
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Case Reports and Case Series
Case reports and case series describe the experience of people who have a specific disease or condition. These studies can be useful for raising awareness of new diseases and can generate hypotheses regarding ...
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Log-Link and Logistic Regression
Regression with log-link or Poisson regression is a model that can be used to study the relative change in an outcome variable. In the log-link regression model, the antilog of each coefficient describes the r...
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Cohort Studies
Cohort studies are observational studies that determine the incidence of a disease or condition over time. The primary advantage of cohort studies over cross-sectional studies is the ability to separate potent...
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Practice Problem Workbook Solutions
The following table summarizes the rates and proportions calculated from the participant-level data. Recall that incidence is defined as the number of new cases of disease that occur among people who do not ha...
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Randomized Trials
Randomized trials are interventional studies that administer specific treatments or control procedures to study participants. The primary advantage of the randomized design is the ability to separate the causa...
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Confounding
In observational studies, associations between potential risk factors and disease may or may not represent causal relationships. Confounding is a type of bias that occurs when characteristics other than the ex...
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Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are characterized by a new or an increased occurrence within the last few decades. They include the following categories Emerging diagnosis of infectious diseases: old disea...
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Principles of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
In this chapter, principles and concepts of modern infectious disease epidemiology Epidemiology are presented. We delineate the role of epidemiology for public health and discuss the characteristics of infecti...
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Methods and Concepts of Epidemiology
The purpose of this chapter is to review the basic concepts of epidemiology, including definitions of measures of disease occurrence and measures of association, brief descriptions of study designs and ethical...
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Molecular Ty** and Clustering Analysis as a Tool for Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
This chapter describes the mechanism of ty** procedures of human pathogens and gives some examples to substantiate the added value of ty** and clustering analysis in epidemiology. Three steps need to be di...
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Immunity to Infectious Diseases
King Mithridates VI of Pontus (Black Sea region) who reigned from 132 to 63 BC and was known as a great enemy of the Roman Empire immunized himself against fungal toxins by administering small non-toxic amount...
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Outbreak Investigations
The aim of outbreak epidemiology is to study an epidemic in order to gain control over it and to prevent further spread of the disease. Generally means a “sudden occurrence,” while in the epidemiological sen...
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Health Economics of Infectious Diseases
Due to technical innovations and demographic changes, many industrialized countries are facing problems in financing health-care costs. One way to guide decision maker in the allocation of their limited healt...
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Infectious Childhood Diarrhea in Develo** Countries
Diarrhea in young children is a killer illness. While considerable progress has been made over the past two decades in the prevention and treatment of diarrhea in children under 5 years of age, childhood diarr...
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Vector-Borne Transmission: Malaria, Dengue, and Yellow Fever
At least 2 billion people live in malarious areas (Snow et al. 2005). The disease primarily affects poor populations in tropical and subtropical areas, where the temperature and rainfall are most suitable for ...
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Blood Borne and Sexual Transmission: Hepatitis B and C
Although the routes of transmission and infectivity differ, the three blood borne infections with most impact on public health are caused by viruses that can cause chronic asymptomatic infections. Human immuno...
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Infectious Diseases and Cancer: HPV
Many types of cancer are etiologically linked to infections. Historically, it has been a challenge to prove the causal link between an infectious agent and a given type of cancer; different sets of causal crit...
