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Antipredatory Defensive Role of Planktonic Marine Natural Products

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Handbook of Marine Natural Products

Abstract

This chapter deals with chemical ecology and the role of antipredatory metabolites in the plankton and how such plant–herbivore interactions structure communities in the pelagic zone of the oceans. The first section deals with antiproliferative compounds produced by unicellular diatoms that induce abortions or congenital defects in the offspring of zooplankton crustaceans such as copepods exposed to them during gestation. Such teratogenic compounds include numerous oxylipins, and polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) in particular, that are very similar to those produced in higher terrestrial plants. Oxylipins are believed to play a pivotal role in plant defense because they act as chemical attractors (e.g., pheromones, pollinator attraction) or alarm signals against herbivore attack (e.g., in tritrophic interactions) and as protective compounds (antibacterial, wound healing). The second section in this chapter deals with neurotoxic compounds (e.g., saxitoxins, brevetoxins, and others) produced mainly by dinoflagellates which induce severe pathologies (i.e., paralytic, neurotoxic, diarrhetic, and amnesic shellfish poisoning) in humans that consume shellfish containing high levels of these toxins and which are generally considered as feeding deterrents in the plankton. Strong physiological responses have also been reported in several copepod species after <24 h of feeding on these cells, such as elevated heart rates, regurgitation, loss of motor control, and twitching of the mouthparts, decreased feeding, decreased fecundity, delayed development, and direct mortality. Another important feeding deterrent in the plankton includes dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) found in numerous species of phytoplankton, but most prominently in the prymnesiophytes and dinoflagellates, which appears to act as a signal molecule or indicator of inferior prey rather than as a toxin. We discuss the environmental conditions which promote increased production of these metabolites and some of the classic bioassays to test their biological activity. We also discuss the multiple functions of antipredatory metabolites and the importance of chemical interactions in the plankton for sha** biodiversity and ecological functioning both at the community and cellular level.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Flora Palumbo of the Functional and Evolutionary Ecology Laboratory of Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn for figures and drawings.

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  1. Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Laboratory Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy

    Adrianna Ianora, Antonio Miralto & Giovanna Romano

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  1. Adrianna Ianora
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  2. Antonio Miralto
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  3. Giovanna Romano
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Correspondence to Adrianna Ianora .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Facoltà di Farmacia, Dipto. Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Napoli, 80131, Italy

    Ernesto Fattorusso

  2. Scripps Inst. Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Drive 9500, La Jolla, 92093-0213, California, USA

    William H. Gerwick

  3. Facoltà di Farmacia, Dipto. Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Napoli, 80131, Italy

    Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati

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Ianora, A., Miralto, A., Romano, G. (2012). Antipredatory Defensive Role of Planktonic Marine Natural Products. In: Fattorusso, E., Gerwick, W., Taglialatela-Scafati, O. (eds) Handbook of Marine Natural Products. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3834-0_13

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