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Prognostic Biomarkers to Predict Outcomes in Trauma

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Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury and Critical Care

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Abstract

Traumatic injury accounts for significant morbidity and mortality across all age groups. Unlike other diseases, the onset of injury is known and therefore trauma is well poised as an ideal disease entity for the development and use of predictive biomarkers. In this chapter, we describe biomarkers that have been used for or show promise for prognostication following traumatic injury. This chapter begins with a brief report on prognostic biomarkers specific to traumatic brain injury and goes on to describe several classes of biomarkers in polytrauma including cytokines, genomics, endothelial damage markers, and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. Throughout the chapter, we make the important distinction between correlative biomarkers, which inform hypotheses and guide prospective experiments, and true predictive biomarkers established through rigorous testing and modeling. We close the chapter with recent work utilizing multi-omic and machine learning strategies which show great promise in the identification and utilization of predictive biomarkers following traumatic injury.

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Abbreviations

ACIT2:

activation of coagulation and inflammation in trauma

AKI:

acute kidney injury

Ang-1:

angiopoietin-1

Ang-2:

angiopoietin-2

AUC:

area under the curve

AUROC:

area under the receiver operative characteristic curve

CAR:

CRP to albumin ratio

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CST5:

Cystatin D

DAMPs:

damage-associated molecular patterns

GCS:

Glasgow-Coma score

GCSF:

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

GFAP:

glial fibrillary acidic protein

HMGB1:

high-mobility group box 1

HSP70:

heat-shock protein 70

ICU:

intensive care unit

IFN:

interferon

IL-10:

interleukin-10

IL17A:

interleukin-17A

IL-2:

interleukin-2

IL-33:

interleukin-33

IL-5:

interleukin-5

IL-6:

interleukin-6

IL-7:

interleukin-7

IL-8:

interleukin-8

ISS:

injury severity score

LOS:

length of stay

LRS:

lipid reprogramming score

MCP-1:

monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

MHCII:

major histocompatibility complex

MIP-1a:

macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha

MODS:

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

MOF:

multiorgan failure

MPPED2:

metallophosphoesterase domain-containing 2

mtDNA:

mitochondrial DNA

NAA:

N-acetylaspartate

NETs:

neutrophil extracellular traps

OR:

odds ratio

PAMPer:

The Prehospital Air Medical Plasma trial

PCA:

principal component analysis

PE:

phosphatidylethanolamine

RAGE:

receptor for advanced glycation end products

ROC:

receiver operating characteristic

SIRS:

systemic inflammatory response syndrome

SNPs:

single nucleotide polymorphisms

SOFA:

sequential organ failure assessment

SSI:

surgical site infection

sST2:

soluble suppressor of tumorigenesis-2

TBI:

traumatic brain injury

Th17:

T-helper 17

TLR:

toll-like receptor

UCH-L1:

ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase

UCLH1:

ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1

VEGF:

vascular endothelial growth factor

WBC:

white blood cell

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Jillian Bonaroti, Shimena Li, Sultan Abdelhamid & Timothy Billiar

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  1. Jillian Bonaroti
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  2. Shimena Li
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  3. Sultan Abdelhamid
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  4. Timothy Billiar
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Correspondence to Timothy Billiar .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Rajkumar Rajendram

  2. School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

  3. School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

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Bonaroti, J., Li, S., Abdelhamid, S., Billiar, T. (2023). Prognostic Biomarkers to Predict Outcomes in Trauma. In: Rajendram, R., Preedy, V.R., Patel, V.B. (eds) Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury and Critical Care. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07395-3_8

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