Abstract:
Control of glucocorticoid secretion is essential for the health and survival of all vertebrate organisms. Hyper- and hypo-secretion of glucocorticoids are associated with disease processes, underlying the importance of maintaining normal daily glucocorticoid rhythms and generating appropriate glucocorticoid responses to stress. This chapter reviews the principle neurochemical mechanisms that operate in the CNS to regulate excitation and inhibition of the hypothalam-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Daily glucocorticoid secretion is controlled by monoamine and GABAergic circuitry, likely relayed through the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Glucocorticoids appear to play a role in circadian inhibition, exerted via the mineralocorticoid receptor. Neurochemical activation of the HPA axis is highly dependent on modality and intensity. Notably, brainstem norepinephrine/epinephrine neurons are selectively involved in HPA axis activation by systemic stressors. Activation of the HPA axis by psychogenic stressors is intensity-dependent, with peptidergic (vasopressin, Orphanin FQ) and glutamatergic systems playing a role in responses to mild, but not intense stressors. Responses to intense psychogenic stressors appear to involve serotonergic and peptidergic systems (e.g., brainstem glucagon-like peptide 1). Inhibition of the HPA axis is accomplished by GABAergic signals and glucocorticoid feedback, the latter of which is controlled by combined actions at glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. The neurochemical systems underlying chronic stress-induced changes in HPA function remain to be elucidated. Overall, the data to date identify numerous candidate neurochemical systems capable of modulating HPA axis activity. Selective targeting of these systems may prove useful for treatment of HPA axis-related disease states.
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Abbreviations
- 5,7-DHT:
-
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
- 5-HT:
-
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
- 6-OHDA:
-
6-hydroxydopamine
- ACTH:
-
adrenocorticotropic hormone
- ADM:
-
adrenomedullin
- ANP:
-
atrial natriuretic peptide
- AVP:
-
arginine vasopressin
- BMI:
-
bicuculline methiodide
- CART:
-
cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript
- CB1:
-
cannabinoid receptor 1
- CBG:
-
corticosteroid binding globin
- CCK:
-
cholecystokinin
- CGRP:
-
calcitonin gene-related peptide
- CNP:
-
C-type natriuretic peptide
- CNS:
-
central nervous system
- CO:
-
carbon monoxide
- CRH:
-
corticotropin-releasing hormone
- CRH R1:
-
CRH receptor 1
- DHT:
-
dihydrotestosterone
- DYN:
-
dynorphin
- E:
-
epinephrine
- ENK:
-
enkephalin
- ER:
-
estrogen receptor
- GABA:
-
gamma-aminobutyric acid
- GAD:
-
glutamic acid decarboxylase
- GALP:
-
galanin-like peptide
- GLP-1:
-
glucagon-like petide-1
- GR:
-
glucocorticoid receptor
- HA:
-
histamine
- HPA:
-
hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis
- i.c.v.:
-
Intracerebroventricular
- i.v.:
-
Intravenous
- IL-1β:
-
interleukin 1-beta
- LC:
-
locus coeruleus
- MCH:
-
melanin concentrating hormone
- MCR:
-
melanocortin receptor
- MR:
-
mineralocorticoid receptor
- MSH:
-
melanocyte stimulating hormone
- N/OFQ:
-
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ
- NE:
-
norepinephrine
- NK:
-
neurokinin
- NMDA:
-
n-methyl d-aspartate
- NO:
-
nitric oxide
- NPB:
-
neuropeptide B
- NPW:
-
neuropeptide W
- NPY:
-
neuropeptide Y
- NTS:
-
nucleus of the solitary tract
- PVN:
-
paraventricular nucleus
- SCN:
-
suprachiasmatic nucleus
- SP:
-
substance P
- VIP:
-
vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
- VNAB:
-
ventral noradrenergic bundle
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by research grants MH049698 (JPH), MH069680 (JPH), MH069725 (JPH), AG012962 (JPH), MH067705 (EBN), MH065770 (NKM), DA016466 (MMO), and DK059803 (YMU).
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Herman, J.P. et al. (2007). Neurochemical Systems Regulating the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis. In: Lajtha, A., Blaustein, J.D. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30405-2_13
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