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Crystallographic Studies of Rhodopsins: Structure and Dynamics

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Rhodopsin

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2501))

Abstract

Crystal structures have provided detailed insight in the architecture of rhodopsin photoreceptors. Of particular interest are the protein–chromophore interactions that govern the light-induced retinal isomerization and ultimately induce the large structural changes important for the various biological functions of the family. The reaction intermediates occurring along the rhodopsin photocycle have vastly differing lifetimes, from hundreds of femtoseconds to milliseconds. Detailed insight at high spatial and temporal resolution can be obtained by time-resolved crystallography using pump-probe approaches at X-ray free-electron lasers. Alternatively, cryotrap** approaches can be used. Both the approaches are described, including illumination and sample delivery. The importance of appropriate photoexcitation avoiding multiphoton absorption is stressed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The photocycle intermediates and their nomenclature in microbial rhodopsins were originally established in bR: K and O are red-shifted intermediates, L, M, and N are blue-shifted. Animal rhodopsins have similar intermediates called Batho, Lumi, Meta I, and Meta II. Additional transient species exist in both systems. The I (Photo) intermediate, an excited state, is formed within 200 fs, the K (Batho) intermediate within a few ps, Lumi in ns, L and then M (Meta I) in μs, N (Meta II) in ms, followed by O.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany

    Marie Luise Grünbein, Gabriela Nass Kovacs, Marco Kloos, Alexander Gorel, R. Bruce Doak, Robert L. Shoeman, Thomas R. M. Barends & Ilme Schlichting

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  1. Marie Luise GrĂĽnbein
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  2. Gabriela Nass Kovacs
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  3. Marco Kloos
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  4. Alexander Gorel
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  5. R. Bruce Doak
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  6. Robert L. Shoeman
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  7. Thomas R. M. Barends
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  8. Ilme Schlichting
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Correspondence to Ilme Schlichting .

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  1. Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France

    Valentin Gordeliy

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GrĂĽnbein, M.L. et al. (2022). Crystallographic Studies of Rhodopsins: Structure and Dynamics. In: Gordeliy, V. (eds) Rhodopsin. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2501. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2329-9_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2329-9_7

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