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Gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: an overview

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Abstract

Over the last decade, we have witnessed considerable progress in gender dysphoria (GD) terminology in an attempt to better describe the condition based on certain criteria. The ever-increasing social acceptance and destigmatization of children and adolescents with GD have resulted in an increased number of transgender individuals seeking endocrine care. In addition to terminology and diagnostic criteria, the tremendous progress of genetics and neuroimaging has enabled us to have a deeper understanding of the complex pathogenesis of GD. Although helpful guidelines for treatment with GnRH analogs and gender-affirming hormones have been proposed, several challenges and controversies still exist. In this article, the current knowledge about GD in adolescents is reviewed, with particular emphasis on terminology, clinical manifestations, and epidemiologic data. The neurobiological basis of the condition is presented, and both hormonal treatment and mental issues of transgender individuals are discussed. Undoubtedly, further research will optimize the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of children and adolescents with GD.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Paedi Center for Specialized Pediatrics, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Nicos Skordis

  2. St George’s, University London Medical Program at the University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Nicos Skordis, Shai Dror & Avital Mushailov

  3. Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Andreas Kyriakou

  4. Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece

    Nicolas C. Nicolaides

  5. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Nicolas C. Nicolaides

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  1. Nicos Skordis
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Skordis, N., Kyriakou, A., Dror, S. et al. Gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: an overview. Hormones 19, 267–276 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-020-00174-1

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