Abstract
Effects of quenching temperature and cooling conditions (water cooling and 10% NaCl cooling) on microstructure and mechanical properties of a 0.2%Ti low alloy martensitic wear-resistant steel used for die casting ejector plate were investigated. The results show that lath martensite can be obtained after austenitizing in the range of 860–980 °C and then water cooling. With an increase in austenitizing temperature, the precipitate content gradually decreases. The precipitates are mainly composed of TiC and Ti4C2S2, and their total content is between 1.15wt.% and 1.64wt.%. The precipitate phase concentration by water-cooling is higher than that by 10% NaCl cooling due to the lower cooling rate of water cooling. As the austeniting temperature increases, the hardness and tensile strength of both water cooled and 10% NaCl cooled steels firstly increase and then decrease. The experimental steel exhibits the best comprehensive mechanical properties after being austenitized at 900 °C, cooled by 10% NaCl, and then tempered at 200 °C. Its hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and wear rate reach 551.4 HBW, 1,438.2 MPa, and 0.48×10−2 mg·m−1, respectively.
Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Du X D, Yang X J, Wang Y F, et al. Impact corrosion wear properties and mechanism of lining board steels. Journal of Engineering Tribology, 2009, 223(4): 729–733.
Chen P, Wu Z Y, Yi Y L, et al. Effect of surface Cr/C infiltration on microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of high chromium cast iron. China Foundry, 2022, 19(3): 218–224.
Xu L J, Wei S Z, **ao F N, et al. Effects of carbides on abrasive wear properties and failure behaviours of high speed steels with different alloy element content. Wear, 2017, 376–377: 968–974.
Zhang J C, Zhang T, Yang Y T, et al. Microstructure and properties evolution of Nb-bearing medium Cr wear-resistant cast steel during heat treatment. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 2021, 28(6): 739–751.
Valtonen K, Ojala N, Haiko O, et al. Comparison of various high-stress wear conditions and wear performance of martensitic steels. Wear, 2019, 426–427: 3–13.
Zou J L, Liu S L, Zheng Z B, et al. Research on impact-abrasion-corrosion behavior of three typical wear-resistant steels under high impact energy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2022, 31(6): 4343–4353.
Liu L J, Liang X K, Liu J, et al. Precipitation process of TiC in low alloy martensitic steel and its effect on wear resistance. ISIJ International, 2020, 60(1): 168–174.
Kong W X, Liang L, Chen Y L, et al. Microstructure evolution and strengthening of a new high-nitrogen heat-resistant martensitic steel regulated by heat treatment. JOM, 2021, 73(11): 3149–3157.
Deng X, Wang Z, Han Y, et al. Microstructure and abrasive wear behavior of medium carbon low alloy martensitic abrasion resistant steel. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 2014, 21(1): 98–103.
Pawlak K, Biaobrzeska B, Konat U, et al. The influence of austenitizing temperature on prior austenite grain size and resistance to abrasion wear of selected low-alloy boron steel. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 2016, 16(4): 913–926.
Huang L, Deng X T, Li C R, et al. Effect of TiC particles on three-body abrasive wear behaviour of low alloy abrasion-resistant steel. Wear, 2019, 434–435: 202971.
El-Faramawy H S, Ghali S N, Eissa M M. Effect of titanium addition on behavior of medium carbon steel. Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, 2012, 11(11): 1108–1112.
Mao X, Huo X, Sun X, et al. Strengthening mechanisms of a new 700 MPa hot rolled Ti-microalloyed steel produced by compact strip production. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2010, 210(12): 1660–1666.
Bikmukhametov I, Beladi H, Wang J, et al. The effect of strain on interphase precipitation characteristics in a Ti-Mo steel. Acta Materialia, 2019, 170: 75–86.
Wang C F, Wang M Q, Shi H, et al. Effect of microstructure refinement on the strength and toughness of low carbon martensitic steel. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2007, 23(5): 659–664.
Morito S, Saito H, Ogawa T, et al. Effect of austenite grain size on the morphology and crystallography of lath martensite in low carbon steels. Transactions of the Iron & Steel Institute of Japan, 2005, 45(1): 91–94.
Tsai M C, Chiou C S, Du J S, et al. Phase transformation in AISI 410 stainless steel. Materials Science & Engineering: A, 2002, 332(1–2): 1–10.
Hu L X, Zhou J, Liu J X, et al. Effect of quenching cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of H13 die steel. Heat Treatment of Metals, 2018, 43(9): 123–128. (In Chinese)
Türker M, Ertürk A, Karakulak E, et al. Effects of different heat treatments on microstructure, toughness and wear behavior of G-X 10CrNiMoNb 18-10 cast austenitic stainless steel. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 2018, 71(4): 1033–1040.
Najafi H, Rassizadehghani J, Asgari S. As-cast mechanical properties of vanadium/niobium microalloyed steels. Materials Science & Engineering: A, 2008, 486(1–2): 1–7.
Moon J, Lee J, Lee C. Prediction for the austenite grain size in the presence of growing particles in the weld HAZ of Ti-microalloyed steel. Materials Science & Engineering: A, 2007, 459(1–2): 40–46.
Gürol U, Karadeniz E, Çoban O, et al. Casting properties of ASTM A128 Gr. E1 steel modified with Mn-alloying and titanium ladle treatment. China Foundry, 2021, 18(3): 199–206.
Wang Z, Mao X, Yang Z, et al. Strain-induced precipitation in a Ti micro-alloyed HSLA steel. Materials Science & Engineering: A, 2011, 529: 459–467.
Wang Z, Sun X, Yang Z, et al. Effect of Mn concentration on the kinetics of strain induced precipitation in Ti microalloyed steels–ScienceDirect. Materials Science & Engineering: A, 2013, 561(3): 212–219.
Ding W, Fan Z X, Yang Y T. Effect of Ti addition on the wear resistance of low alloy steel. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 2022, 75: 2857–2866.
Fan Z X, Ding W, Yang Y T. Effect of Ti content on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast steel containing Nb for heavy duty vehicles. Foundry, 2021, 70(9): 1060–1067. (In Chinese)
Ostwald W. On the supposed isomerism of red and yellow mercury oxide and the surface tension of solid bodies. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1900, 34(1): 495–503. (In German)
Shen Y, Wan X L, Liu Y, et al. The significant impact of Ti content on microstructure-toughness relationship in the simulated coarse-grained heated-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steels. Ironmaking & Steelmaking, 2019, 46(6): 584–596.
Graux A, Cazottes S, de Castro D, et al. Precipitation and grain growth modelling in Ti-Nb microalloyed steels. Materialia, 2019, 5: 100233.
Gladman T. On the theory of the effect of precipitate particles on grain growth in metals. In: Proc. the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1966, 294(1438): 298–309.
Siqueira J S, Alves M, Luiz T M, et al. Effect of heat treatment on the chromium-depleted zones of a high carbon martensitic stainless steel. Materials and Corrosion, 2021, 72(11): 1752–1761.
Cuddy L J, Raley J C. Austenite grain coarsening in microalloyed steels. Metallurgical & Materials Transactions: A, 1983, 14(10): 1989–1995.
Xu F Y, Bai B Z, Fang H S. Progress of titanium microalloying in low alloy high strength steel. Heat Treatment of Metals, 2007, 32(12): 29–34.
Wang Z H, **e J P, Li Q, et al. TiN/γ-Fe interface orientation relationship and formation mechanism of TiN precipitates in Mn18Cr2 steel. China Foundry, 2021, 18(3): 180–184.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Authors declare that they do not have any commercial or associative interests that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the work submitted.
Additional information
Yi-tao Yang Male, Ph. D., Professor. His research interests focus on computer simulation of metal forming, stainless steels, heat-resistant steels, and aluminum alloys.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lan, K., Ding, W. & Yang, Yt. Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-containing low alloy martensitic wear-resistant steel. China Foundry 20, 329–338 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41230-023-3023-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41230-023-3023-4
Keywords
- low alloy wear-resistant steel
- quenching temperature
- cooling condition
- precipitate
- retained austenite
- wear resistance