Abstract
The indiscriminate disposal of periwinkle shells as agricultural waste at landfills has saddled geo-environmental engineers with the responsibilities of reutilizing these wastes as construction materials for dual purpose of soil stabilization and effective waste disposal. In this research, lime and periwinkle shell ash (PSA) under laboratory conditions were effectively utilized in stabilizing lateritic soil so as to validate its potentials for use as pavement layer materials. Lateritic soil treated with lime at 0–8% and PSA at 0–10% (each at 2% increments) by dry weight of soil was evaluated for index properties, maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), California bearing ratio (CBRS and CBRU) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) using the standard Proctor test. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) were also used to determine the morphological changes and functional groups in the stabilized soil. There was a general decrease in consistency limits as the stabilizers increased. Furthermore, MDD decreased with increase in OMC. For the UCS test, peak strength of 895, 1810 and 2670.45 kN/m3 (at 7, 14, and 28 days), respectively, occurred at 8% lime/ 8% PSA. The untreated soil with CBRS and CBRU of 4.3 and 11.5% peaked at 79.3 and 91.2% (8% lime/8% PSA), respectively. SEM resulted in the formation of new microstructural arrangements, while FTIR displayed distinctive functional groups as regards their specific bands for the natural and stabilized soil. The study concluded that the inclusion of lime and PSA could be of economic benefits in improving marginal soils.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig1_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig9a_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig9b_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig10_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41062-021-00665-z/MediaObjects/41062_2021_665_Fig12_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Nelson JD, Miller DJ (1992) Expansive soils: Problems and practice in foundation and pavement engineering. Wiley, New York, NY
Beckham TL, Hopkins TC (1997) Stabilization of subgrade soil using hydrated lime product. Kentucky Transportation Center, Kentucky
Little DN, Thompson M, Terrell R (1987) Soil stabilization for roadways and airfields. Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Florida, FL
Al Rawas AA, Goosen MFA (2006) Expansive soils-recent advances in characterization and treatment. Taylor and Francis group, London
Mallela J, Harold Von Quintus P, Smith KL (2004) Consideration of lime-stabilized layers in mechanistic-empirical pavement design. The National Lime Association, Airlington, Virginia, USA
GB Ye, SL Ye, (1999) New techniques for foundation improvement. Principles and Practices of Ground Improvement, Machine Press China Bei**g (in Chinese)
Jiang ZQ (2002) Road construction materials. China Communication Press, Bei**g (in Chinese)
Locat J, Tremblay H, Leroueil S (1996) Mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of a soft inorganic clay treated with lime. Can Geotech J 33:654–669
Narasimha Rao S, Rajasekaran G (1996) Reaction products formed in lime-stabilized marine clays. J Geotech Eng, ASCE 122:329–336
Bell FG (1996) Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Eng Geol 42(4):223–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(96)00028-2
Consoli NC, Prietto PDM, da Silva LL, Winter D (2014) Control factors for the long-term compressive strength of lime treated sandy clay soil. Transportation Geotechnic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2014.07.005
Khelifa H, Mohamed G, Said K (2012) Effect of the combination of lime and natural pozzolana on the compaction and strength of soft clayey soils: a preliminary study. Environ Earth Sci 66:2197–2205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1441-x
Ola SA (1977) The potentials of lime stabilization of lateritic soils. Eng Geol 11:305–317
Rajasekaran G, Narasimha Rao S (1996) Lime stabilization technique for the improvement of marine clay. Soils Found 37:94–104
Cai Y, Shi B, Ng CWW, Tang C (2006) Effect of polypropylene fibre and lime admixture on engineering properties of clayey soil. Eng Geol 87:230–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.07.007
Salahudeen AB, Eberemu AO, Osinubi KJ (2014) Assessment of cement kiln dust-treated expansive soil for the construction of flexible pavements. Geotech Geol Eng 32(4):923–931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-014-9769-0
Miller G, Azad S (2000) Influence of soil type on stabilization with cement kiln dust. Constr Build Mater 14:89–97
Okagbue CO, Yakubu JA (2000) Limestone ash waste as a substitute for lime in soil improvement for engineering construction. Bullet Eng Geol Environ 58:107–113
Etim RK, Attah IC, Bassey OB (2017) Assessment of periwinkle shell ash blended cement concrete in crude oil polluted environment. FUW TrendsSci Technol J 2(2):879–885
Attah IC, Etim RK, Ekpo DU (2018) Behaviour of periwinkle shell ash blended cement concrete in sulphuric acid environment. Niger J Technol 37(2):315–321. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v37i2.5
Etim RK, Attah IC, Yohanna P, Eshiet SJ (2018) Geotechnical properties of lateritic soil treated with periwinkle shell ash. In: Proceedings of 16th international conference and annual general meeting 2018 of nigerian institution of civil engineers. theme: transforming national economy through sustainable civil engineering infrastructure, Paradise 2018. Calabar international convention centre, Calabar, Cross River State. 24 – 26th, 148 – 156.
Etim RK, Attah IC, Eberemu AO, Yohanna P (2019) Compaction behaviour of periwinkle shell ash treated lateritic soil for use as road sub-base construction material. J Geoengin Taiwan Geotech Soci 14(3):179–200. https://doi.org/10.6310/jog.201909_14(3).6
Etim RK, Eberemu AO, Osinubi KJ (2017) Stabilization of black cotton soil with lime iron ore tailings admixture. Transp Geotechnic 10:85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.01.002
Attah IC, Okafor FO, Ugwu OO (2021) Optimization of California bearing ratio of tropical black clay soil treated with cement kiln dust and metakaolin blend. Int J Pavement Res Technol 14(6):655–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0003-6
Attah IC, Okafor FO, Ugwu OO (2021) Experimental and optimization study of unconfined compressive strength of ameliorated tropical black clay. Eng Appl Sci Res. 48(3):238–248
Ekpo DU, Fajobi AB, Ayodele AL (2020) Response of two lateritic soils to cement kiln dust-periwinkle shell ash blends as road sub-base materials. Int J Pavem Res Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0219-5
Goswami RK, Singh B (2005) Influence of fly ash and lime on plasticity characteristics of residual lateritic soil. Ground Improve 9:175–182
Ayodele AL, Adebisi AO, Kareem MA (2016) Use of sludge ash in stabilizing two tropical laterite. Int J Sci Eng Res 7(8):104–108
Bagherpour I, Choobbasti AJ (2003) Stabilization of fine-grained soils by adding micro silica and lime or micro silica and cement. Electron J Geotech Eng 8:1–10
Etim RK, Attah IC, Ogarekpe NM, Robert EE (2018) Geotechnical behaviour of lateritic soil - oyster shell ash mixtures. In: Proceedings of 16th international conference and annual general meeting 2018 of Nigerian institution of civil engineers. theme: transforming national economy through sustainable civil engineering infrastructure, Paradise 2018. Calabar International Convention Centre, Calabar, Cross River State. 24 – 26th Oct., 2018, 45 – 52.
Attah IC, Etim RK, Sani JE (2019) Response of oyster shell ash blended cement concrete in sulphuric acid environment. Civil Environ Res 11(4):62–74. https://doi.org/10.7176/CER
Etim RK, Attah IC, Yohanna P (2020) Experimental study on potential of oyster shell ash in structural strength improvement of lateritic soil for road construction. Int J Pavem Res Technol 13(4):341–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0290-y
Attah IC, Etim RK, Yohanna P, Usanga IN (2021) Understanding the effect of compaction energies on the strength indices and durability of oyster shell ash-lateritic soil mixtures for use in road works. Eng Appl Sci Res. 48(2):151–160
Attah IC, Agunwamba JC, Etim RK, Ogarekpe NM (2019) Modelling and predicting of CBR values of lateritic soil treated with metakaolin for road material. APRN J Eng Appl Sci 14(20):3609–3618
Moses G, Etim RK, Sani JE, Nwude M (2019) Desiccation-induced volumetric shrinkage characteristics of highly expansive tropical black clay treated with groundnut shell ash for barrier consideration. Civil Environ Res 11(8):58–74. https://doi.org/10.7176/CER/11-8-06
Ishola K, Olawuyi OA, Bello AA, Etim RK, Yohanna P, Sani JE (2019) Review of agricultural waste utilization as improvement additives for residual tropical soils. Arid Zone J Eng, Technol Environ 15(3):733–749
Attah IC, Etim RK, Alaneme GU, Bassey OB (2020) Optimization of mechanical properties of rice husk ash concrete using Scheffe’s theory. SN Appl Sci 2:928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2727-y
Alaneme GU, Onyelowe KC, Onyia ME, Van Bui D, Mbadike EM, Ezugwu CN, Dimonyeka MU, Attah IC, Ogbonna C, Abel C, Ikpa CC, Udousoro IM (2020) Modelling volume change properties of hydrated-lime activated rice husk ash modified soft soil for construction purposes by artificial neural network. Umudike J Eng Technol. 6(1):88–110. https://doi.org/10.33922/j.ujet_v6i1_9
Alaneme GU, Onyelowe KC, Onyia ME, Van Bui D, Mbadike EM, Dimonyeka MU, Attah IC, Ogbonna C, Iro UI, Kumari S, Firoozi AA, Oyagbola I (2020) Modelling of the swelling potential of soil treated with quicklime-activated rice husk ash using fuzzy logic. Umudike J Eng Technol 6(1):1–22. https://doi.org/10.33922/j.ujet_v6i1_1
Attah IC, Etim RK, Usanga IN (2020) Potentials of cement kiln dust and rice husk ash blend on Strength of tropical soil for sustainable road construction material. In: Book of Abstracts of the 2nd international conference on sustainable infrastructural development (ICSID) 2020 - [Virtual]. Theme: sustainable infrastructural development. department of civil engineering, college of engineering, covenant university, Ota, Nigeria. 27th -28th July, 2020, pp. 84.
Ogunbenle O, Omowole C (2012) Use of seashells and marine resources. J Environ Sci (China) 11:27–34
Nnochiri ES (2016) Geotechnical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with periwinkle shell ash in road construction. Int J Adv Eng Manag Sci 2(5):485–487
British Standard Institution (1990) Methods of test for stabilized soils. BSI 1924. BSI, UK
Oluwatuyi OE, Adeola BO, Alhassan EA, Nnochiri ES, Modupe AE, Elemile OO, Obayanju T, Akerele G (2018) Ameliorating effect of milled eggshell on cement stabilized lateritic soil for highway construction. Case Studies Constr Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00191
ASTM D2487 (2015) Standard practice for classification of soils. West Conshohocken, www.astm.org
AASHTO (1986) Standard specification for transportation, material and methods of sampling and testing, 14th edn. Amsterdam Association of State Highway and Transportation Official, Washington, D.C.
Bowders JJ, Daniel DE (1987) Hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay to dilute organic chemicals. ASCE J Geotech Eng 113(12):1432–1448
Sharma HD, Lewis SP (1994) Waste containment systems, waste stabilization, and landfills: design and evaluation. Wiley, Hoboken, p 588
Osinubi KJ (1995) Lime modification of black cotton soils. Spectr J 2(1):112–122
Yong RN, Ouhadi VR (2007) Experimental study on instability of bases on natural and lime/cement-stabilized clayey soils. Appl Clay Sci 35:238–249
Osula DOA (1996) A comparative evaluation of cement and lime modification of laterite. Eng Geol 42:71–81
Akinwumi II, Maiyaki U, Adubi S, Daramola S, Ekanem B (2014) Effects of waste engine oil contamination on the plasticity, strength and permeability of lateritic clay. Int J Sci Technol Res 3(9):331–335
Gay G, Schad H (2000) Influence of cement and lime additives on the compaction properties and shear parameters of fine-grained soils. Otto-Graf J 11:19–31
Akoto B, Singh G (1981) Some geotechnical properties of a lime-stabilized laterite containing a high proportion of aluminium oxide. Eng Geol 17:185–199
Muntohar A, Hantoro G (2000) Influence of rice husk ash and lime on engineering properties of a clayey subgrade. Electron J Geotech Eng 5:1–9
Sani JE, Etim RK, Joseph A (2019) Compaction behaviour of lateritic soil-calcium chloride mixtures. Geotech Geol Eng 37:2343–2362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-00760-6
Ekpo DU, Fajobi AB, Ayodele AL, Etim RK (2020) Potentials of cement kiln dust-periwinkle shell ash blends on plasticity properties of two selected tropical soils for use as sustainable construction materials. In Book of Abstracts of the 2nd international conference on sustainable infrastructural development (ICSID) 2020 - [Virtual]. theme: sustainable infrastructural development. department of civil engineering, college of engineering, covenant university, Ota, Nigeria. 27th -28th, pp. 84.
Osinubi KJ, Stephen AT (2007) Influence of compactive efforts on bagasse ash treated black cotton soil. Niger J Soil Environ Res 7:92–101. https://doi.org/10.4314/njser.v7i1.28422
TRL (1997) Overseas Road Note 31: A guide to the structural design of bitumen surfaced roads in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Transport Research Laboratory (TRL): Berkshire
Ingles OG, Metcalf JB (1972) Soil Stabilization Principles and Practice. Butterworths, Sydney
Federal Ministry of works and Housing (1997) General Specifications Requirement for Roads and Bridges. Abuja, Nigeria
Gidigasu MD, Dogbey JLK (1980) Geotechnical characterization of laterized decomposed rocks for pavement construction in dry sub-humid environment, In: 6th South East Asian conf. soil eng, Taipei, Taiwan, 493–506.
Gidigasu MD (2012) Laterite soil engineering: pedogenesis and engineering principles. Elsevier Scientific Publishing, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Osinubi KJ (2006) Influence of compactive efforts on lime-slag treated tropical black clay. J Mater Civ Eng Am Soc Civ Eng 18:175–181
Madejová J, Komadel P (2001) Baseline studies of the clay minerals society source clays: Infrared methods. Clays and Clay Miner 49(5):410–432
Nayak PS, Singh BK (2007) Instrumental characterization of Clay by XRF. XRD and FTIR Bull Mater Sci 30(3):235–238
Bhuvaneshwari S, Robinson R, Gandhi S (2010) Micro-fabric and mineralogical studies on the stabilization of an expansive soil using inorganic additives. Int J Geotech Eng 4(3):395–405. https://doi.org/10.3328/IJGE.2010.04.03.395-405
Saikia BJ, Parthasarathy G (2010) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic characterization of Kaolinite from Assam and Meghalaya. North Eastern India J Modern Phys 1:206–210
Eisazadeh A, Kassim KA, Nur H (2010) Physicochemical characteristics of phosphoric acid stabilized bentonite. EJGE 15:327–336
Madejová J (2003) FTIR techniques in clay mineral studies. Vib Spectrosc 31:1–10
Attah IC, Etim RK (2020) Experimental investigation on the effects of elevated temperature on geotechnical behaviour of tropical residual soils. SN Appl Sci 370(2):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2149-x
Al-Mukhtar M, Khattab S, Alcover JF (2012) Microstructure and geotechnical properties of lime-treated expansive clayey soil. Eng Geol 139:17–27
Lemaire K, Deneele D, Bonnet S, Legret M (2013) Effects of lime and cement treatment on the physicochemical, microstructural and mechanical characteristics of a plastic silt. Eng Geol 166:255–261
Al-Rawas A, McGown A (1999) Microstructure of Omani expansive soils. Can Geotech J 36(2):272–290
Al-Rawas A (2002) Microfabric and mineralogical studies on the stabilization of an expansive soil using cement by-pass dust and some types of slag. Can Geotech J 39(5):1150–1167
Aparicio P, Galan E, Ferrell RE (2006) A new kaolinite order index based on XRD profile fitting. Clay Miner 41:811–817
Sachan A, Penumadu D (2007) Identification of microfabric of kaolinite clay minerals using X-ray diffraction technique. Geotech Geol Eng 25:603–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-007-9133-8
Fernandez R, Martirena F, Scrivener KL (2011) The origin of the pozzolanic activity of calcined clay minerals: a comparison between kaolinite, Illite and montmorillonite. Cem Concr Res 41:113–122
Srodon J (2006) Identification and quantitative analysis of clay minerals. In: Bergaya F, Theng BKG, Lagaly G (eds) Handbook of Clay Science. Elsevier, pp 765–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01028-7
O’Brien NR (1971) Fabric of Kaolinite and Illite floccules. Clays Clay Miner 19:353–359
Ouhadi VR, Goodarzi AR (2006) Assessment of the stability of a dispersive soil treated by alum. Eng Geol 85:91–101
Sani JE, Yohanna P, Etim RK, Attah IC, Bayang F (2019) Unconfined compressive strength of compacted lateritic soil treated with selected admixtures for geotechnical applications. Niger Res J Eng Environ Sci, UNIBEN 4(2):801–815
Yohanna P, Ibrahim UA, Etim RK (2020) Compaction behaviour of black cotton soil treated with selected admixtures: a statistical approach. Premier J Eng Appl Sci Publ Niger Soc Eng, Ibadan Branch. 1(1):35–44
Yohanna P, Kanyi MI, Etim RK, Eberemu OA, Osinubi KJ (2021) Experimental and statistical study on black cotton soil modified with cement-iron ore tailings. FUOYE J Eng Technol (FUOYEJET). https://doi.org/10.46792/fuoyejet.vAiB.C
Mir BA (2015) Some studies on the effect of fly ash and lime on physical and mechanical properties of expansive clay. Int J Civil Eng- Trans B: Geotech Eng 13(3–4B):203–212
Puppala AJ (2001) Fibre and fly ash stabilization methods to treat expansive soils. Geotechn Special Publ 112:136–145
Saquib Wani KMN, Mir BA (2020) Unconfined compressive strength testing of bio-cemented weak soils: a comparative upscale laboratory testing. Arab J Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04647-8
Saquib Wani KMN, Mir BA (2020) A comparative laboratory scale study on the effect of waste boulder crusher dust and cement in stabilizing marginal sediments. Geomech Geoeng. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2020.1827164
MirSridharan BAA (2013) Physical and compaction behaviour of clay soil-fly ash mixtures. Geotech Geol Eng 31:1059–1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9632-8
ASTM D2488 (2015) Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils and Classification. West Conshohocken, www.astm.org
ASTM D4318 (2015) Standard test methods for laboratory consistency limits test. West Conshohocken, www.astm.org
ASTM D698 (2015) Standard test methods for laboratory compaction test for road bases. West Conshohocken, www.astm.org.
ASTM D2166 (2015) Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. West Conshohocken, www.astm.org.
ASTM D1883 (2003) Standard test method for California bearing ratio. West Conshohocken, www.astm.org.
Gopal R, Rao ASR (2011) Basic and applied soil mechanics, 2nd edn. New Age Int’l, New Delhi
Alaneme GU, Attah IC, Etim RK, Dimonyeka MU (2021) Mechanical properties optimization of soil-cement kiln dust mixture using extreme vertex design. Int J Pavement Res Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-021-00048-8
Jalali S, Abyaneh MY, Keedwell MJ (1997) Differential scanning calorimetry tests applied to lime – fly ash soil stabilization. Testing Soil Mixed with Waste or Recycled Materials. STP 1275. ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa, pp. 181–191.
Consoli NC, Prietto PDM, Carraro JAH, Heineck KS (2001) Behaviour of compacted soil – fly ash – carbide lime mixtures. J Geotech Geoenv Engrg, ASCE 127(9):774–782
Amadi AA, Osu AS (2016) Effect of curing time on strength development in black cotton soil-Quarry fines composite stabilized with cement kiln dust (CKD). J King Saud Univ-Eng Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2016.04.001
Onyelowe K, Igboayaka C, Orji F, Ugwuanyi H, Van DB (2018) Triaxial and density behaviour of quarry dust based geopolymer cement treated expansive soil with crushed waste glasses for pavement foundation purposes. Int J Pavement Res Technol 12:78–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-019-0010-7
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of Sarah Hilary Inyang, Iniekem Etim Okon and Daniel Alphonsus George for their useful contribution during the laboratory experiment.
Funding
The authors of this research work did not receive any form of funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Etim, R.K., Ekpo, D.U., Udofia, G.E. et al. Evaluation of lateritic soil stabilized with lime and periwinkle shell ash (PSA) admixture bound for sustainable road materials. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 7, 62 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00665-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00665-z