Abstract
Solving environmental problems by nanoparticles synthesized from plant derivatives has been a prime focus of nanotechnology research. The objective of the present study was to synthesize biogenic gold nanoparticles (AuNP) with dye degradation properties. The influence of mixing ratio of flower extract to metal salt, metal salt concentration and reaction time on nanoparticle size were also explored and optimized for the AuNP formation. For synthesis, flower extract of Wedelia urticifolia was added to yellow-coloured gold solutions, and the appearance of cherry red colour in 2 h of contact time demonstrated the fabrication of AuNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Consequently, the nanoparticles were also tested for dye degradation property against Rhodamine-B as a model dye. The strong UV–Visible spectrum peaks at 530–540 nm confirmed the gold nanoparticle synthesis. The DLS results showed the synthesis of the smallest-sized nanoparticles at a 1:1 volume ratio of 1 mM metal solution to flower extract. The FTIR results revealed that proteins and polyphenols help in the reduction and stabilization of synthesized nanoparticles. The XRD analysis indicated that the nanoparticles synthesized were pure and crystalline. Besides, the TEM images displayed spherical particles of size less than 20 nm. The sunlight-driven Rhodamine-B degradation experiments reveal that the dye degradation is dependent on nanoparticle dosage, contact time, as well as pH of dye solution, and more than 90% of dye degradation can be achieved with an AuNP dosage of 20 mg/10 ml of dye solution, pH 3, and a contact time of 15 min. Further, the synthesized nanoparticles can be reused for up to 4 cycles for dye degradation. Hence, the current study quantifies a sustainable and eco-friendly technology for producing AuNPs with fast Rhodamine-B degradation ability.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Akintelu SA, Yao B, Folorunso AS (2021) Green synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial investigation of synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from Garcinia kola pulp extract. Plasmonics 16:157–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-020-01274-9
Ali S, Ali H, Siddique M, Gulab H, Haleem MA, Ali J (2020) Exploring the biosynthesized gold nanoparticles for their antibacterial potential and photocatalytic degradation of the toxic water wastes under solar light illumination. J Mol Struct 1215:128259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128259
Amini M, Naslhajian H, Farnia SM (2014) V-doped titanium mixed oxides as efficient catalysts for oxidation of alcohols and olefins. New J Chem 38:1581–1586. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NJ00066H
Anuradha V, Shankar P, Bhuvan P, Syed AM, Yogananth N (2017) Terminalia arjuna bark assisted biosynthesis, characterization and bioactivity of metal oxide nanoparticles. J Chem Pharm Res 9:34–46
Bishnoi S, Kumar A, Selvaraj R (2018) Facile synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using inedible Cynometra ramiflora fruit extract waste and their photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. Mater Res Bull 97:121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2017.08.040
Biswal S, Bhaskaran DS, Govindaraj G (2018) Graphene oxide: structure and temperature dependent magnetic characterization. Mater Res Express 5:086104
Caudo S, Centi G, Genovese C, Perathoner S (2006) Homogeneous versus heterogeneous catalytic reactions to eliminate organics from waste water using H2O2. Top Catal 40:207–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-006-0122-6
Chen MN, Chan CF, Huang SL, Lin YS (2019) Green biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Chenopodium formosanum shell extract and analysis of the particles’ antibacterial properties. J Sci Food Agric 99:3693–3702. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9600
Dhuper S, Panda D, Nayak PL (2012) Green synthesis and characterization of zero valent iron nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Mangifera indica. Nano Trends J Nanotech App 13(2):16–22
Dubey SP, Lahtinen M, Sillanpää M (2010) Green synthesis and characterizations of silver and gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of Rosa rugosa. Colloids Surf A 364:34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.04.023
Dutta AK, Maji SK, Adhikary B (2014) γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles: an easily recoverable effective photo-catalyst for the degradation of rose bengal and methylene blue dyes in the wastewater treatment plant. Mater Res Bull 49:28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.08.024
Francis S, Joseph S, Koshy EP, Mathew B (2017) Green synthesis and characterization of gold and silver nanoparticles using Mussaenda glabrata leaf extract and their environmental applications to dye degradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:17347–17357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9329-2
Fuku K, Hayashi R, Takakura S, Kamegawa T, Mori K, Yamashita H (2013) The synthesis of size-and colour-controlled silver nanoparticles by using microwave heating and their enhanced catalytic activity by localized surface plasmon resonance. Angew Chem Int Ed 125(29):7594–7598. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201301652
Ganeshkumar M, Sastry TP, Kumar MS, Dinesh MG, Kannappan S, Suguna L (2012) Sun light mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles as carrier for 6-mercaptopurine: preparation, characterization and toxicity studies in zebrafish embryo model. Mater Res Bull 47:2113–2119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2012.06.015
Govindaraju K, Kiruthiga V, Kumar VG, Singaravelu G (2009) Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles by a marine alga Sargassum wightii Grevilli and their antibacterial effects. J Nanosci Nanotechno 19:5497–5501. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2009.1199
Grace AN, Pandian K (2007) Antibacterial efficacy of aminoglycosidic antibiotics protected gold nanoparticles – a brief study. Colloids Surf, A 297:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.10.024
Gramotnev DK, Bozhevolnyi SI (2009) Plasmonics beyond the diffraction limit. Nat Photonics 4:83–91. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.282
Grzelczak M, Pérez-Juste J, Mulvaney P, Liz-Marzán LM (2020) Shape control in gold nanoparticle synthesis. In: Colloidal synthesis of plasmonic nanometals, Jenny Stanford Publishing, pp 197–220
Habibi MH, Askari E (2011) Photocatalytic degradation of an azo textile dye with manganese-doped ZnO nanoparticles coated on glass. Iran J Catal 1:41–44
Hii SL, Yong SY, Wong CL (2009) Removal of rhodamine-B from aqueous solution by sorption on Turbinaria conoides (Phaeophyta). J Appl Phycol 21:625–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-009-9448-3
Iravani S (2011) Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chem 13:2638–2650. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1GC15386B
Jeong GH, Lee YW, Kim M, Han SW (2009) High-yield synthesis of multi-branched gold nanoparticles and their surface-enhanced raman scattering properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 329:97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.10.004
Jeyapragasam T, Kannan RS (2016) Microwave assisted green synthesis of silver nanorods as catalysts for rhodamine-B degradation. Russ J Phys Chem A 90:1334–1337. https://doi.org/10.1134/S003602441607030X
Jyoti K, Singh A (2016) Green synthesis of nanostructured silver particles and their catalytic application in dye degradation. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 14:311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.09.005
Kamal SK, Vimala J, Sahoo PK, Ghosal P, Ram S, Durai L (2014) A green chemical approach for synthesis of shape anisotropic gold nanoparticles. Int Nano Lett 4:109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-014-0109-4
Kanagamani K, Muthukrishnan P, Shankar K, Kathiresan A, Barabadi H, Saravanan M (2019) Antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin using Kleinia grandiflora mediated silver nanoparticles. J Cluster Sci 30:1415–1424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01583-y
Khan ME, Cho MH (2019) Surface plasmon-based nanomaterials as photocatalyst. Advanced Nanostructured Materials for Environmental Remediation. Springer, Cham, pp 173–187
Khan S, Malik A (2018) Toxicity evaluation of textile effluents and role of native soil bacterium in biodegradation of a textile dye. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:4446–4458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0783-7
Khan H, Khalil AK, Khan A, Saeed K, Ali N (2016) Photocatalytic degradation of bromophenol blue in aqueous medium using chitosan conjugated magnetic nanoparticles. Korean J Chem Eng 33:2802–2807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0238-8
Kowshik M, Vogel W, Urban J, Kulkarni SK, Paknikar KM (2002) Microbial synthesis of semiconductor PbS nanocrystallites. Adv Mater 14:815–818
Kulkarni R, Harip S, Kumar AR, Deobagkar D, Zinjarde S (2018) Peptide stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles derived from the mangrove isolate Pseudoalteromonas lipolytica mediate dye decolorization. Colloids Surf, A 555:180–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.06.083
Kumar SA, Ansary AA, Ahmad A, Khan MI (2007) Extracellular biosynthesis of CdSe quantum dots by the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum. J Biomed Nanotechnol 3:190–194. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2007.027
Kumar VG, Gokavarapu SD, Rajeswari A, Dhas TS, Karthick V, Kapadia Z, Shrestha T, Barathy IA, Roy A, Sinha S (2011) Facile green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of antidiabetic potent Cassia auriculata. Colloids Surf, B 87:159–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.05.016
Kumar B, Smita K, Debut A, Cumbal L (2018) Utilization of Persea americana (Avocado) oil for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles in sunlight and evaluation of antioxidant and photocatalytic activities. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 10:231–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20020605)
Lee HJ, Song JY, Kim BS (2013) Biological synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Magnolia kobus leaf extract and their antibacterial activity. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 88:1971–1977. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4052
Lellis B, Fávaro-Polonio CZ, Pamphile JA, Polonio JC (2019) Effects of textile dyes on health and the environment and bioremediation potential of living organisms. Biotechnol Res Innov 3:275–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biori.2019.09.001
Lengke MF, Fleet ME, Southam G (2006) Morphology of gold nanoparticles synthesized by filamentous cyanobacteria from gold (I) – thiosulfate and gold (III) – chloride complexes. Langmuir 22:2780–2787. https://doi.org/10.1021/la052652c
Linic S, Christopher P, Ingram DB (2011) Plasmonic-metal nanostructures for efficient conversion of solar to chemical energy. Nat Mater 10:911–921. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3151
Linic S, Aslam U, Boerigter C, Morabito M (2015) Photochemical transformations on plasmonic metal nanoparticles. Nat Mater 14:567–576. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4281
Manu B, Chaudhari S (2002) Anaerobic decolorisation of simulated textile wastewater containing azo dyes. Biores Technol 82:225–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00190-0
Muniyappan N, Nagarajan NS (2014) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with Dalbergia spinosa leaves and their applications in biological and catalytic activities. Process Biochem 49:1054–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2014.03.015
Nadeem M, Abbasi BH, Younas M, Ahmad W, Khan T (2017) A review of the green syntheses and anti-microbial applications of gold nanoparticles. Green Chem Lett Rev 10:216–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2017.1349192
Paul B, Bl B, Purkayastha DD, Dhar SS (2016) Photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized using biomass of Parkia roxburghii leaf. J Photochem Photobiol, B Biol 154:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.11.004
Prakash P, Gnanaprakasam P, Emmanuel R, Arokiyaraj S, Saravanan M (2013) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Mimusops elengi, Linn. for enhanced antibacterial activity against multi drug resistant clinical isolates. Colloids Surf, B 108:255–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.03.017
Qu Y, Pei X, Shen W, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhang Z, Li S, You S, Ma F, Zhou J (2017) Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by Aspergillum sp. WL-Au for degradation of aromatic pollutants. Physica E 88:133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2017.01.010
Rather MY, Sundarapandian S (2020) Magnetic iron oxide nanorod synthesis by Wedelia urticifolia (Blume) DC. leaf extract for methylene blue dye degradation. Appl Nanosci 10:2219–2227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01366-2
Rather MY, Sundarapandian S (2021) Facile green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and their rhodamine-B dye adsorption property. J Cluster Sci 23:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-021-02025-4
Rather MY, Shincy M, Sundarapandian S (2020) Silver nanoparticles synthesis using Wedelia urticifolia (Blume) DC. flower extract: characterization and antibacterial activity evaluation. Microsc Res Tech 83:1085–1094. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23499
Ravindran TR, Arora AK, Balamurugan B, Mehta BR (1999) Inhomogeneous broadening in the photoluminescence spectrum of CdS nanoparticles. Nanostruct Mater 11:603–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-9773(99)00346-3
Santhoshkumar J, Rajeshkumar S, Kumar SV (2017) Phyto-assisted synthesis, characterization and applications of gold nanoparticles – a review. Biochem Biophys Rep 11:46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.06.004
Sarfraz N, Khan I (2021) Plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs): properties, synthesis and their advanced energy, environmental and biomedical applications. Chem Asian J 16:720–742. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202001202
Shankar SS, Rai A, Ankamwar B, Singh A, Ahmad A, Sastry M (2004) Biological synthesis of triangular gold nanoprisms. Nat Mater 3:482–488. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1152
Siddiqi KS, Husen A (2017) Recent advances in plant-mediated engineered gold nanoparticles and their application in biological system. J Trace Elem Med Biol 40:10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.11.012
Singh AK, Srivastava ON (2015) One-step green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using black cardamom and effect of pH on its synthesis. Nanoscale Res Lett 10:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-015-1055-4
Thakor AS, Jokerst J, Zavaleta C, Massoud TF, Gambhir SS (2011) Gold nanoparticles: a revival in precious metal administration to patients. Nano Lett 11:4029–4036. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl202559p
Umamaheswari C, Lakshmanan A, Nagarajan NS (2018) Green synthesis, characterization and catalytic degradation studies of gold nanoparticles against congo red and methyl orange. J Photochem Photobiol, B 178:33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.017
Verma VC, Anand S, Ulrichs C, Singh SK (2013) Biogenic gold nanotriangles from Saccharomonospora sp., an endophytic actinomycetes of Azadirachta indica A. Juss Int Nano Lett 3:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2228-5326-3-21
Vijai Anand K, Aravind Kumar J, Keerthana K, Deb P, Tamilselvan S, Theerthagiri J, Rajeswari V, Sekaran SMS, Govindaraju K (2019) Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye using biogenic hybrid ZnO-MgO nanocomposites under visible light. Chem. Select 4:5178–5184. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201900213
Wang P, Huang B, Dai Y, Whangbo MH (2012) Plasmonic photocatalysts: harvesting visible light with noble metal nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 14:9813–9825. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CP40823F
Wesenberg D, Kyriakides I, Agathos SN (2003) White-rot fungi and their enzymes for the treatment of industrial dye effluents. Biotechnol Adv 22:161–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.08.011
**ao Y, Fan J, Chen Y, Rui X, Zhang Q, Dong M (2016) Enhanced total phenolic and isoflavone aglycone content, antioxidant activity and DNA damage protection of soybeans processed by solid state fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus RT-3. RSC Adv 6:29741–29756. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA00074F
Yu Y, Murthy BN, Shapter JG, Constantopoulos KT, Voelcker NH, Ellis AV (2013) Benzene carboxylic acid derivatized graphene oxide nanosheets on natural zeolites as effective adsorbents for cationic dye removal. J Hazard Mater 260:330–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.041
Zhang R, Hummelgård M, Lv G, Olin H (2011) Real time monitoring of the drug release of rhodamine-B on graphene oxide. Carbon 49:1126–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.11.026
Zhang X, Qu Y, Shen W, Wang J, Li H, Zhang Z, Li S, Zhou J (2016) Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles by yeast Magnusiomyces ingens LH-F1 for catalytic reduction of nitrophenols. Colloids Surf, A 497:280–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.02.033
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the University Grants Commission for providing scholarship during the study period to MYR. The authors are thankful to Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF), Pondicherry University, for proving analytical instrumentation (DLS, TEM, and EDX) for characterization. The authors are also sincerely grateful to the Head, Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, for XRD characterization.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Gaurav Sharma.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rather, M.Y., Shincy, M. & Sundarapandian, S. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine-B by phytosynthesized gold nanoparticles. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 4073–4084 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04123-w
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04123-w