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Adsorptive removal of Pb(II) ion on Arachis hypogaea’s shell: Batch Experiments, statistical, and GA modeling

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Abstract

For the conservation of our environment, removing water pollutants from the different wastewater sources is getting critical. This study used a low-cost, green, agricultural waste, Arachis hypogaea’s shell (local name—groundnut shell) to remove Pb(II) ions from an aqueous solution. SEM analyzed surface morphology. FTIR determined functional groups present in the groundnut shell. The effects of different operating parameters on metal removal are investigated. The percentage removal is maximum at pH 5. Langmuir’s adsorption capacity is 3.53 mg/g and is not very high, but the adsorbent is abundantly available in India's rural areas. The adsorption process follows the Pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. As the values of sorption energy lie between 8 and 16 kJ/mol, the adsorption process is chemical. The positive value of entropy (0.193 kJ/mol.K) and enthalpy (53.63 kJ/mol) proves that the process is spontaneous and endothermic. The blood cell count of Gallus gallus domesticus has revealed Pb(II)’s toxic effects with the treated solution. The applicability of MLR and the Genetic Algorithm has also been successfully applied and presented in this study. The scale-up design has been reported. This study aims to develop the utilization of low-cost natural adsorbent, groundnut shell, a natural waste material, widely available throughout India. This adsorbent is expected to provide an excellent and highly porous surface structure with different functional groups that assist the binding of metal ions.

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Abbreviations

A H :

Harkins Jura isotherm constant

A T :

Equilibrium binding constant of Temkin isotherm (L/g)

a :

Fractional power model constant (g/(mg.min))

a e :

Adsorption rate (initial) (mg/(g.min))

B :

Heat of adsorption (J/mol)

B H :

Harkins Jura isotherm constant

b :

Fractional power model constant (mg/g)

b e :

Chemisorption activation energy (g/mg)

b T :

Constant of Temkin isotherm

C :

External convective mass transfer (mg/g)

C a :

Pb(II) ion concentration at the adsorbent at equilibrium (mg/L)

C 0 :

Initial Pb(II) ion concentration (initial) (mg/L)

C e :

Pb(II) ion concentration at equilibrium (mg/L)

C t :

Ion concentration of Pb(II) at time t (mg/L)

D e :

Absorbate’s effective diffusion coefficient in the absorbent phase (m2/s)

E :

Adsorption free energy (kJ/mol)

∆G 0 :

Gibbs free energy change (kJ/mol)

∆H :

Enthalpy change (kJ/mol)

k 1 :

Rate constant of Lagergren’s model (min−1)

k 2 :

Rate constant of pseudo-second-order model (g/mg.min)

K ad :

Rate constant of Natarajan and Khalaf model (min−1)

K f :

Constant of Freundlich model (mg/g)/(mg/L)1/n

k i :

Rate constant of intra-particle diffusion model (mg/(g.min0.5))

\({K}_{L}\) :

Constant of Langmuir model (L/mg)

\({K}_{C}^{0}\) :

Thermodynamic equilibrium constant

\({K}_{C}^{^{\prime}}\) :

Apparent equilibrium constant

n :

Factor of heterogeneity

q e :

Sorption capacity at equilibrium (mg/g)

q m :

Adsorption capacity of Langmuir isotherm (mg/g)

q s :

Theoretical isotherm saturation capacity (mg/g)

q t :

Sorption capacity at time t (mg/g)

R :

Ideal gas constant (J mol−1 K−1)

R 2 :

Correlation coefficient

R a :

Adsorbent particle radius (m)

R L :

Dimensionless factor

∆S :

Change of entropy (kJ/mol.K)

T :

Temperature (K)

t :

Time (min)

V :

Solution volume (L)

W :

Adsorbent mass (g

λ :

Constant of Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm (mol2/KJ 2)

\(\varepsilon\) :

Polanyi potential

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank all who assisted in conducting this work.

Funding

No funding was received for conducting this study.

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  1. N Bar

    Present address: St. James’ School, 165, A. J. C. Road, Kolkata, 700 014, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India

    A Das, N Bar & S K Das

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  1. A Das
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Contributions

AD is a research scholar, planned and executed experiments and data analysis, prepared the draft manuscript. NB performed software applications. SKD was involved in conceiving the idea, planning the experiments, overall supervision and finalized the manuscript.

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Correspondence to S K Das.

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Editorial responsibility: Gaurav Sharma.

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Das, A., Bar, N. & Das, S.K. Adsorptive removal of Pb(II) ion on Arachis hypogaea’s shell: Batch Experiments, statistical, and GA modeling. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 537–550 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03842-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03842-w

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