SpringerLink
Log in

Solidified floating organic drop microextraction for pre-concentration and trace monitoring of cadmium ions in environmental food and water samples

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this research, solidified floating organic drop microextraction as an efficient sample preparation method was used for trace monitoring of cadmium ions in environmental samples. In this method, a free microdroplet of 1-undecanol is floated on the surface of aqueous solution and agitated by a stirring bar placed on the bottom of the sample vial. Cadmium ions were complexed with neocuproine to obtain hydrophobic complex and extracted to extraction solvent. The extracted target ions were determined by flow injection–flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The effect of important factors on the extraction of target ions by the proposed sample preparation method was evaluated and optimized. The limit of detection, relative standard deviation (%) and enrichment factor of the method were 0.02, 3.7 and 98.5%, respectively. The validation of the method was examined by the analysis of cadmium ions in the certified reference material (sea food mix), and the obtained data can proof the reliability of the method for trace detection of cadmium ions. The method was successfully applied for determination of cadmium in the real food and water samples, and satisfactory relative recoveries (97–102%) were achieved.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. Abolhasani, M. Behbahani, Application of 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol-modified nanoporous silica as a technique in simultaneous trace monitoring and removal of toxic heavy metals in food and water samples. Environ. Monit. Assess. 187, 1–12 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. M. Behbahani, A. Ali Akbari, M.M. Amini, A. Bagheri, Synthesis and characterization of pyridine-functionalized magnetic mesoporous silica and its application for preconcentration and trace detection of lead and copper ions in fuel products. Anal. Methods 6, 8785–8792 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. F. Omidi, M. Behbahani, S.J. Shahtaheri, S. Salimi, Trace monitoring of silver ions in food and water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry after preconcentration with solvent-assisted dispersive solid phase extraction. Environ. Monit. Assess. 187, 1–10 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Primary Drinking Water Standards (United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2003)

    Google Scholar 

  5. N. Jalbani, M. Soylak, Separation–preconcentration of nickel and lead in food samples by a combination of solid–liquid–solid dispersive extraction using SiO2 nanoparticles, ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction. Talanta 131, 361–365 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Z.A. ALOthman, M.A. Habila, S.M. Alfadul, E. Yilmaz, M. Soylak, A green, novel and simple microprecipitation technique for separation and preconcentration of cadmium with 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol in food samples and determination by microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Methods 8, 3545–3549 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. S. Khan, M. Soylak, T. Gul Kazi, A simple ligandless microextraction method based on ionic liquid for the determination of trace cadmium in water and biological samples. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 95, 1069–1079 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. P. Askari, A. Faraji, G. Khayatian Sajjad Mohebbi, Effective ultrasound-assisted removal of heavy metal ions As(III), Hg(II), and Pb(II) from aqueous solution by new MgO/CuO and MgO/MnO2 nanocomposites. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 14, 613–621 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Kong, F. Yan, D. Shi, Q. Ye, Z. Han, L. Chen, L. Wang, Carbon dots: synthetic methods and applications as fluorescent probes for the detection of metal ions, inorganic anions and organic molecules. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 12, 1841–1857 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. T. Madrakian, A. Afkhami, N. Rezvani-jalal, M. Ahmadi, Removal and preconcentration of lead(II), cadmium(II) and chromium(III) ions from wastewater samples using surface functionalized magnetite nanoparticles. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 11, 489–498 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. M. Salarian, A. Ghanbarpour, M. Behbahani, S. Bagheri, A. Bagheri, A metal-organic framework sustained by a nanosized Ag12 cuboctahedral node for solid-phase extraction of ultra traces of lead(II) ions. Microchim. Acta 181, 999–1007 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. X. Guo, M. He, B. Chen, B. Hu, Phase transfer hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction combined with electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of trace heavy metals in environmental and biological samples. Talanta 101, 516–523 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. B. Hu, M. He, B. Chen, L. **a, Liquid phase microextraction for the analysis of trace elements and their speciation. Spectrochim. Acta. B 86, 14–30 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. M. Behbahani, P. Ghareh Hassanlou, M.M. Amini, F. Omidi, A. Esrafili, M. Farzadkia, A. Bagheri, Application of solvent-assisted dispersive solid phase extraction as a new, fast, simple and reliable preconcentration and trace detection of lead and cadmium ions in fruit and water samples. Food Chem. 187, 82–88 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. M. Behbahani, A. Esrafili, S. Bagheri, S. Radfar, M. Kalate Bojdi, A. Bagheri, Modified nanoporous carbon as a novel sorbent before solvent-based de-emulsification dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for ultra-trace detection of cadmium by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Measurements 51, 174–181 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  16. M. Behbahani, F. Najafi, S. Bagheri, M. Kalate Bojdi, M. Salarian, A. Bagheri, Application of surfactant assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction as an efficient sample treatment technique for preconcentration and trace detection of zonisamide and carbamazepine in urine and plasma samples. J. Chromatogr. A 1308, 25–31 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. C. Özdemir, Ş. Saçmacı, Ş. Kartal, M. Saçmacı, Determination of gold and palladium in environmental samples by FAAS after dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction pretreatment. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 20, 4059–4065 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ş. Saçmacl, Ş. Kartal, S. Dural, Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure for the determination of palladium by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 23, 1033–1040 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  19. E. Yilmaz, M. Soylak, Solid phase extraction of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn in environmental samples on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Environ. Monit. Assess. 186, 5461–5468 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. F. Marahel, M. Ghaedi, A. Shokrollahi, M. Montazerozohori, S. Davoodi, Sodium dodecyl sulfate coated poly (vinyl) chloride: an alternative support for solid phase extraction of some transition and heavy metals. Chemosphere 74, 583–589 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. M.R. Nabid, R. Sedghi, M. Behbahani, B. Arvan, M.M. Heravi, H. Abdi Oskooie, Application of poly 1,8-diaminonaphthalene/multiwalled carbon nanotubes-COOH hybrid material as an efficient sorbent for trace determination of cadmium and lead ions in water samples. J. Mol. Recognit. 27, 421–428 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Bagheri, M. Behbahani, M.M. Amini, O. Sadeghi, M. Taghizade, L. Baghayi, M. Salarian, Simultaneous separation and determination of trace amounts of Cd(II) and Cu(II) in environmental samples using novel diphenylcarbazide modified nanoporous silica. Talanta 89, 455–461 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Hadj Youcef, T. Benabdallah, H. Reffas, Cloud point extraction studies on recovery of nickel(II) from highly saline sulfate medium using salicylideneaniline mono-Schiff base chelating extractant. Sep. Purif. Technol. 149, 146–155 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. L. Zhao, S. Zhong, K. Fang, Z. Qian, J. Chen, Determination of cadmium(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), lead(II), zinc(II), and copper(II) in water samples using dual-cloud point extraction and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. J. Hazard. Mater. 239–240, 206–212 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. K. Pytlakowska, V. Kozik, M. Dabioch, Complex-forming organic ligands in cloud-point extraction of metal ions: a review. Talanta 110, 202–228 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. M.R. Khalili Zanjani, Y. Yamini, S. Shariati, J.A. Jönsson, A new liquid-phase microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop. Anal. Chim. Acta 585, 286–293 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. H. Farahani, M.R. Ganjali, R. Dinarvand, P. Norouzi, Screening method for phthalate esters in water using liquid-phase microextraction based on the solidification of a floating organic microdrop combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Talanta 76, 718–723 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. M.C. López-Blanco, S. Blanco-Cid, B. Cancho-Grande, J. Simal-Gándara, Application of single-drop microextraction and comparison with solid-phase microextraction and solid-phase extraction for the determination of α- and β-endosulfan in water samples by gas chromatography–electron-capture detection. J. Chromatogr. A 984, 245–252 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. H.R. Sobhi, Y. Yamini, A. Esrafili, M. Adib, Extraction and determination of 2-pyrazoline derivatives using liquid phase microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 48, 1059–1063 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. H.R. Sobhi, Y. Yamini, A. Esrafili, R.H.H.B. Abadi, Suitable conditions for liquid-phase microextraction using solidification of a floating drop for extraction of fat-soluble vitamins established using an orthogonal array experimental design. J. Chromatogr. A 1196, 28–32 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. M. Rezaee, Y. Yamini, A. Khanchi, M. Faraji, A. Saleh, A simple and rapid new dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop combined with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry for preconcentration and determination of aluminium in water samples. J. Hazard. Mater. 178(1), 766–770 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Y. Yamini, M. Rezaee, A. Khanchi, M. Faraji, A. Saleh, Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop followed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry as a fast technique for the simultaneous determination of heavy metals. J. Chromatogr. A 1217(16), 2358–2364 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. F. Kamarei, H. Ebrahimzadeh, Y. Yamini, Optimization of ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction with solidification of floating organic droplet followed by high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of phthalate esters in cosmetic and environmental water samples. Microchem. J. 99(1), 26–33 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. S. Dadfarnia, A.M. Salmanzadeh, A.M. Haji Shabani, A novel separation/preconcentration system based on solidification of floating organic drop microextraction for determination of lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 623, 163–167 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. S. Dadfarnia, A.M.H. Shabani, E. Kamranzadeh, Separation/preconcentration and determination of cadmium ions by solidification of floating organic drop microextraction and FI-AAS. Talanta 79, 1061–1065 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. M. Ghambarian, YaminiY Khalili-ZanjaniMR, YazdanfarN EsrafiliA, Preconcentration and speciation of arsenic in water specimens by thecombination of solidification of floating drop microextraction andelectrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 81, 197–201 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. M. Behbahani, M. Barati, M. Kalate Bojdi, A.R. Pourali, A. Bagheri, N. Akbari Ghareh Tapeh, A nanosized cadmium(II)-imprinted polymer for use in selective trace determination of cadmium in complex matrices. Microchim. Acta 180, 1117–1125 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. M.R. Nabid, R. Sedghi, A. Bagheri, M. Behbahani, M. Taghizadeh, H. Abdi Oskooie, M.M. Heravi, Preparation and application of poly(2-amino thiophenol)/MWCNTs nanocomposite for adsorption and separation of cadmium and lead ions via solid phase extraction. J. Hazard. Mater. 203–204, 93–100 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. P. Liang, J. Li, X. Yang, Cloud point extraction preconcentration of trace cadmium as 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone complex and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchim. Acta 152, 47–51 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Silva E. dos Santos, L. Oliveira Correia, L. Oliveira dos Santos, Vitor dos Santos, E. Vieira, V. Azevedo Lemos, Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for simultaneous determination of cadmium, cobalt, lead and nickel in water samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Microchim. Acta 178, 269–275 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. C. Arpa Sahin, I. Durukan, Ligandless-solidified floating organic drop microextraction method for the preconcentration of trace amount of cadmium in water samples. Talanta 85, 657–661 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. A.B. Yilmaz, Levels of heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Zn) in tissue of Mugil cephalus and Trachurus mediterraneus from Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. Environ. Res. 92, 277–281 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Linsinger TPJ (2005) Comparison of measurement results with the certified value, ERM Application Note 1. http://www.erm-crm.org

  44. J.G. March, V. Cerdà, A novel procedure for phase separation in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of the aqueous phase. Talanta 156–157, 204–208 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Research Council of Sabzevar University of medical Science for the financial support (Project No. 94050).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran

    Ahmad Alahabadi, Ayoob Rastegar, Zahra Rezai & Ahmad Hosseini Bandegharaei

  2. Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Esrafili & Mahdi Farzadkia

  3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ayoob Rastegar, Ali Esrafili & Mahdi Farzadkia

  4. Department Engineering, Kashmar Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 161, Kashmar, Iran

    Ahmad Hosseini Bandegharaei

Authors
  1. Ahmad Alahabadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ayoob Rastegar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ali Esrafili
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zahra Rezai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ahmad Hosseini Bandegharaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mahdi Farzadkia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Esrafili.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 72 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Alahabadi, A., Rastegar, A., Esrafili, A. et al. Solidified floating organic drop microextraction for pre-concentration and trace monitoring of cadmium ions in environmental food and water samples. J IRAN CHEM SOC 14, 1725–1733 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-017-1113-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-017-1113-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation