Abstract
The most recent data from the Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority (ACECQA) present good news; 79% of Australia’s Early Childhood Education and Care services are now meeting the National Quality Standard (NQS). Yet one in five services remain below standard. Understanding the context and characteristics of these services, and those of their workforce, and identifying features that distinguish them from services meeting the NQS are the first step in directing quality improvement supports. We compared services rated Working Towards with those Meeting or Exceeding the standard, through analysis of two discrete datasets: (1) ACECQA snapshots providing service data and (2) The Early Years Workforce Study providing data on educators and educator experience. We identified distinguishing structural characteristics and relational factors within services rated Working Towards. Based on the findings, strategic directions for bringing the last 21% of services across the line to meet the National Quality Standard are detailed.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13384-020-00387-8/MediaObjects/13384_2020_387_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13384-020-00387-8/MediaObjects/13384_2020_387_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13384-020-00387-8/MediaObjects/13384_2020_387_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13384-020-00387-8/MediaObjects/13384_2020_387_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13384-020-00387-8/MediaObjects/13384_2020_387_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13384-020-00387-8/MediaObjects/13384_2020_387_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13384-020-00387-8/MediaObjects/13384_2020_387_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13384-020-00387-8/MediaObjects/13384_2020_387_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13384-020-00387-8/MediaObjects/13384_2020_387_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13384-020-00387-8/MediaObjects/13384_2020_387_Fig10_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ACECQA. (2019a). Assessment and ratings process. Retrieved from https://www.acecqa.gov.au/assessment/assessment-and-rating-process.
ACECQA. (2019b). National quality standard. Retrieved from https://www.acecqa.gov.au/nqf/national-quality-standard.
ACECQA. (2019c). NQA ITS quarterly data splits [Q32013-Q12019]. Retrieved from accessed by request.
ACECQA. (2019d). NQF snapshot: Q2 2019. ACECQA. Retrieved from https://www.acecqa.gov.au/nqf/snapshots.
Amin, M. R., Zaman, A., & Amin, N. A. (2011). Employee turnover in the small business: Practical insights from urban child care centers. Journal of Business & Economics Research. https://doi.org/10.19030/jber.v2i2.2858.
Ang, L., Brooker, E., & Stephen, C. (2017). A Review of the research on childminding: Understanding children’s experiences in home-based childcare settings. Early Childhood Education Journal, 45(2), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-016-0773-2.
Bohanna, I., Davis, E., Corr, L., Priest, N., & Tan, H. (2012). Family day care in Australia: A systematic review of research (1996–2010). Australasian Journal of Early Childhood. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911203700419.
Boyd, W. (2014). Parents’ choices of child care in Australia. New Zealand Research in Early Childhood Education, 17, 51.
Boyd, W., Walker, S., & Thorpe, K. (2013). Choosing Work and Care: four Australian women negotiating return to paid work in the first year of motherhood. Contemporary Issues In Early Childhood, 14(2), 168–178. https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2013.14.2.168.
Brennan, D. (2016). Chapter 3: Federalism, childcare and multilevel governance in Australia. In M. Sawer (Ed.), Federalism, feminism and multilevel governance (pp. 37–50). London: Routledge.
Campbell-Barr, V., & Bogatić, K. (2017). Global to local perspectives of early childhood education and care. Early Child Development and Care, 187(10), 1461–1470. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2017.1342436.
Campbell, F., Conti, G., Heckman, J. J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Pungello, E., et al. (2014). Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health. Science, 343(6178), 1478. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248429.
Cannon, J., Zellman, G., Karoly, L., & Schwartz, H. (2017). Quality rating and improvement systems for Early Care and Education programs: Making the second generation better. RAND Corporation. Bethesda, MD: Child Trends Publication. https://doi.org/10.7249/PE235.
Cassidy, D. J., King, E. K., Wang, Y. C., Lower, J. K., & Kintner-Duffy, V. L. (2017). Teacher work environments are toddler learning environments: teacher professional well-being, classroom emotional support, and toddlers’ emotional expressions and behaviours. Early Child Development and Care, 187(11), 1666–1678. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2016.1180516.
Cook, K., Davis, E., Williamson, L., Harrison, L. J., & Sims, M. (2013). Discourses of professionalism in family day care. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 14(2), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2013.14.2.112.
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Education and Training (2016) Australian Early Development Census National Report 2015 ISSN 2206-–2831 (Print) ISSN 2206-284X (Online)
Cozby, P. C. (2001). Measurement concepts. methods in behavioral research (7th ed.). California: Mayfield Publishing Company.
Duncan, G. J., & Murnane, R. J. (2014). Restoring opportunity: The crisis of inequality and the challenge for American education. Cambridge: Harvard Education Press.
Fenech, M., Giugni, M., & Bown, K. (2012). A critical analysis of the National Quality Framework: mobilising for a vision for children beyond minimum standards. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 37(4), 5. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911203700402.
Fox, S. E., Levitt, P., & Nelson, C. A. (2010). How the timing and quality of early experiences influence the development of brain architecture. Child Development, 81(1), 28–40. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au/stable/40598964
Grant, S., Comber, B., Danby, S., Theobald, M., & Thorpe, K. (2018). The quality agenda: governance and regulation of preschool teachers’ work. Cambridge Journal of Education, 48(4), 515–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2017.1364699.
Grant, S., Danby, S., Thorpe, K., & Theobald, M. (2016). Early childhood teachers’ work in a time of change. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 41(3), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911604100306.
Hart, P., Wearing, A., Conn, M., Carter, N., & Dingle, R. (2000). Development of the school organisational health questionnaire: A measure for assessing teacher morale and school organisational climate. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 211–228.
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687.
Hunkin, E. (2018). Whose quality? The (mis)uses of quality reform in early childhood and education policy. Journal of Education Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1352032.
Hur, E., Jeon, L., & Buettner, C. (2016). Preschool teachers’ child-centered beliefs: Direct and indirect associations with work climate and job-related wellbeing. Child and Youth Care Forum, 45(3), 451–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-015-9338-6.
Irvine, S. L., Thorpe, K. J., McDonald, P. K., Lunn, J., & Sumsion, J. (2016). Money, love and identity: Initial findings from the National ECEC Workforce Study. Brisbane, QLD: Queensland University of Technology.
Jackson, J. (2015a). Constructs of quality in early childhood education and care: a close examination of the NQS assessment and rating instrument. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 40(3), 46. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911504000307.
Jackson, J. (2015). Embracing multiple ways of knowing in regulatory assessments of quality in Australian early childhood education and care. Australian Educational Researcher, 42(4), 515–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-015-0180-5.
Jeon, L., Buettner, C. K., & Snyder, A. R. (2014). Pathways from teacher depression and child-care quality to child behavioral problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(2), 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035720.
Lewis, J., & West, A. (2017). Early childhood education and care in England under austerity: Continuity or change in political ideas, policy goals, availability, affordability and quality in a childcare market? Journal of Social Policy, 46(2), 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279416000647.
Logan, H. (2017). Tensions in constructions of quality in Australian early childhood education and care policy history. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(4), 506–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2017.1331063.
McDonald, P., Thorpe, K., & Irvine, S. (2018). Low pay but still we stay: Retention in early childhood education and care. Journal of Industrial Relations, 60(5), 647–668. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185618800351.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. (2016). Parenting matters: Supporting parents of children ages 0–8. (V. L. Gadsden, M. Ford, & H. Breiner, Eds.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/21868
OECD. (2019). Good practice for good jobs in early childhood education and care. Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/education/good-practice-for-good-jobs-in-early-childhood-education-and-care-64562be6-en.htm.
Pakarinen, E., Kiuru, N., Lerkkanen, M. K., Poikkeus, A. M., Siekkinen, M., & Nurmi, J. E. (2010). Classroom organization and teacher stress predict learning motivation in kindergarten children. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 25(3), 281–300.
Penn, H. (2011). Gambling on the market: The role of for-profit provision in early childhood education and care. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 9(2), 150–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X10387999.
Phillips, D., Austin, L. J. E., & Whitebook, M. (2016). The early care and education workforce. Future of Children, 26(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2016.0016.
Pianta, R., Downer, J., & Hamre, B. (2016). Quality in early education classrooms: Definitions, gaps, and systems. Future of Children, 26(2), 119–137.
Productivity Commission. (2019). Chapter 3: Early childhood education and care. In Report on Government Services. Retrieved from https://www.pc.gov.au/research/ongoing/report-on-government-services.
Schweinhart, L., Montie, J., **ang, Z., Barnett, W. S., Belfield, C. R., & Nores, M. (2004). The High/scope perry preschool study through age 40. The World Bank: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation.
Siraj, I., Howard, S. J., Kingston, D., Neilsen-Hewett, C., Melhuish, E. C., & Rosnay, M. (2019). Comparing regulatory and non-regulatory indices of early childhood education and care (ECEC) quality in the Australian early childhood sector. Australian Educational Researcher. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-019-00325-3.
Staton, S., Thorpe, K., Irvine, S., Smith, S., Pattinson, C., McArdle, F., … Houen, S. (2017). Choosing Rest: Finding effective alternatives to mandated rest-times in EDEC. Report to Queensland Government Department of Education.
Thorpe, K. (2017). ECEC quality assessed, observed and constructed [key note]. In Early Start Conference, Wollongong.
Thorpe, K., Jansen, E., Sullivan, V., Irvine, S., & McDonald, P. (2019). Identifying predictors of retention and professional wellbeing of the early childhood education workforce in a time of change. Unpublished
Thorpe, K., Rankin, P., Beatton, T., Houen, S., Sandi, M., Siraj, I., & Staton, S. (in press). The when and what of measuring ECE quality: Analysis of variation in the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) across the ECE day. Early Childhood Research Quarterly.
Thorpe, K., Rutter, M., & Greenwood, R. (2003). Twins as a natural experiment to study the causes of mild language delay: II: Family interaction risk factors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(3), 342–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00126.
Williamson, L., Davis, E., Priest, N., & Harrison, L. (2011). Australian family day care educators: A snapshot of their qualifications, training and perceived support. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 4, 63–68.
Zaman, A., Amin, R., Momjian, I. E., & Lei, T. (2012). Complexities in managing the child care industry: An observation on challenges and potentials. Education, 132(4), 739.
Acknowledgements
The Early Year Workforce Study (EYWS) provided survey data for this work. The EYWS was funded by the Australian Research Council under the Linkage Scheme (ARC LP14100652) with partners Goodstart Early Learning, Childcare and Kindergarten Association, Queensland and the Department of Education, Queensland. The ELWS team thanks the ECEC services, staff and organisations that supported this study by giving generously of their time in participating. The EYWS team includes Professor Karen Thorpe (University of Queensland), Professors Sue Irvine, Paul McDonald and Joanne Lunn (Queensland University of Technology 0 and Professor Jennifer Sumsion (Charles Sturt University).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Thorpe, K., Westwood, E., Jansen, E. et al. Working Towards the Australian National Quality Standard for ECEC: what do we know? Where should we go?. Aust. Educ. Res. 48, 227–247 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-020-00387-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-020-00387-8