Abstract
Technical and oncological aspects are still debated when dealing with minimally-invasive right colectomy. Main controversial issues still remain about whether the anastomosis should be performed intra- or extracorporeally and if a complete mesocolic excision (CME) should be carried out. We report the feasibility of robotic right colectomy with CME and intracorporeal anastomosis (IA) for right sided colon cancer. Data from patients who underwent robotic right colectomy with IA and CME from January 2015 to April 2020 were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. Intraoperative outcomes and complications (minor I–II and major III–IV according to Clavien–Dindo classification), conversion rate, 30-day postoperative outcomes and pathological outcomes were the variables assessed. A total of 161 patients undergoing robotic right colectomy for cancer met the inclusion criteria. Mean operative time was 185 min, no intraoperative complications were observed, and the conversion rate was 3.7% (6 patients requiring elective conversions). Overall, mean postoperative stay was 4.9 days and the overall 30-day complication rate was 16.1%. 20 patients (12.4%) had minor complications, while major postoperative complications occurred in six patients (3.7%). Anastomotic leak was recorded in one patient (0.6%) and the 30-day re-admission rate was 0.6%. Mean number of harvested lymph nodes was 21.9. Patients requiring conversion experienced two minor complications, with a mean length of stay of 7 days. Robotic right colectomy with CME and IA is feasible and it is associated with good intraoperative and short-term postoperative clinical outcomes.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13304-021-01001-x/MediaObjects/13304_2021_1001_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13304-021-01001-x/MediaObjects/13304_2021_1001_Fig2_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13304-021-01001-x/MediaObjects/13304_2021_1001_Fig3_HTML.jpg)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Green BL, Marshall HC, Collinson F, Quirke P, Guillou P, Jayne DG, Brown JM (2013) Long-term follow-up of the Medical Research Council CLASICC trial of conventional versus laparoscopically assisted resection in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 100(1):75–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.8945
Buunen M, Veldkamp R, Hop WC, Kuhry E, Jeekel J, Haglind E, Pahlman L, Cuesta MA, Msika S, Morino M, Lacy A, Bonjer HJ (2009) Survival after laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: long-term outcome of a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Oncol 10(1):44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70310-3
Clinical Outcomes of Surgical therapy Study Group (2004) A comparison of laparoscopically assisted and open colectomy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 350(20):2050–2205. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa032651
Wei D, Johnston S, Goldstein L, Nagle D (2020) Minimally invasive colectomy is associated with reduced risk of anastomotic leak and other major perioperative complications and reduced hospital resource utilization as compared with open surgery: a retrospective population-based study of comparative effectiveness and trends of surgical approach. Surg Endosc 34(2):610–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-019-06805-y
Armijo PR, Pagkratis S, Biolesen E, Tanner T, Oleynikov D (2018) Growth in robotic-assisted procedures is from conversion of laparoscopic procedures and not from open surgeons’ conversion: a study of trends and costs. Surg Endosc 32:2106–2113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5908-z
Yeo HL, Isaacs AJ, Abelson JS, Milsom JW, Sedrakyan A (2016) Comparison of open, laparoscopic, and robotic colectomies using a large national database: outcomes and trends related to surgery center volume. Dis Colon Rectum. https://doi.org/10.1097/dcr.0000000000000580
Napolitano MA, Sparks AD, Randall JA, Brody FJ, Duncan JE (2020) Elective surgery for diverticular disease in U.S. veterans: a VASQIP study of national trends and outcomes from 2004 to 2018. Am J Surg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.08.050
Rondelli F, Trastulli S, Avenia N, Schillaci G, Cirocchi R, Gulla N, Mariani E, Bistoni G, Noya G (2012) Is laparoscopic right colectomy more effective than open resection? A meta-analysi of randomized and nonrandomized studies. Colorectal Dis 14(8):e447–e469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2012.03054.x
Widmar M, Aggarwal P, Keskin M et al (2020) Intracorporeal Anastomoses in Minimally Invasive Right Colectomies Are Associated With Fewer Incisional Hernias and Shorter Length of Stay. Dis Colon Rectum 63(5):685–692. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000001612
Bou Saleh N, Voron T, De’Angelis N et al (2020) Intracorporeal versus extracorporeal anastomosis in laparoscopic right hemicolectomy: results from the CLIMHET study group. Tech Coloproctol 24(6):585–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-020-02202-z
Anania G, Agresta F, Artioli E et al (2019) Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy: the SICE (Società Italiana di Chirurgia Endoscopica e Nuove Tecnologie) network prospective trial on 1225 cases comparing intra corporeal versus extra corporeal ileo-colic side-to-side anastomosis. Surg Endosc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-019-07255-2 (published online ahead of print, 2019 Nov 18; published correction appears in Surg Endosc. 2019 Dec 12)
Allaix ME, Degiuli M, Bonino MA et al (2019) Intracorporeal or extracorporeal ileocolic anastomosis after laparoscopic right colectomy: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 270(5):762–767. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003519
Trépanier M, Valin-Thorburn A, Kouyoumdjian A et al (2019) Intracorporeal versus extracorporeal anastomosis for right colectomy does not affect gastrointestinal recovery within an enhanced recovery after surgery program. Surg Endosc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-019-07204-z(published online ahead of print, 2019 Oct 23)
Heald RJ, Ryall RD (1986) Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet 1(8496):1479–1482. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91510-2
Nitsche U, Stögbauer F, Späth C et al (2016) Right sided colon cancer as a distinct histopathological subtype with reduced prognosis. Dig Surg 33(2):157–163. https://doi.org/10.1159/000443644
Yahagi M, Okabayashi K, Hasegawa H, Tsuruta M, Kitagawa Y (2016) The worse prognosis of right-sided compared with left-sided colon cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 20(3):648–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-015-3026-6
Lee L, Erkan A, Alhassan N et al (2018) Lower survival after right-sided versus left-sided colon cancers: Is an extended lymphadenectomy the answer? Surg Oncol 27(3):449–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2018.05.031
Lykke J, Rosenberg J, Jess P, Roikjaer O, Danish Colorectal Cancer Group (2019) Lymph node yield and tumour subsite are associated with survival in stage I–III colon cancer: results from a national cohort study. World J Surg Oncol 17(1):62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-019-1604-x (Published 2019 Apr 2)
Hohenberger W, Weber K, Matzel K, Papadopoulos T, Merkel S (2009) Standardized surgery for colonic cancer: complete mesocolic excision and central ligation–technical notes and outcome. Colorectal Dis 11(4):354–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2008.01735.x (discussion364-355)
Merkel S, Weber K, Matzel KE, Agaimy A, Göhl J, Hohenberger W (2016) Prognosis of patients with colonic carcinoma before, during and after implementation of complete mesocolic excision. Br J Surg 103(9):1220–1229. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10183
Bertelsen CA, Neuenschwander AU, Jansen JE et al (2015) Disease-free survival after complete mesocolic excision compared with conventional colon cancer surgery: a retrospective, population-based study. Lancet Oncol 16(2):161–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71168-4
Bertelsen CA, Neuenschwander AU, Jansen JE et al (2016) Short-term outcomes after complete mesocolic excision compared with “conventional” colonic cancer surgery. Br J Surg 103(5):581–589. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10083
Jamali FR, Soweid AM, Dimassi H, Bailey C, Leroy J, Marescaux J (2008) Evaluating the degree of difficulty of laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Arch Surg 143:762–767
Chow CF, Kim SH (2014) Laparoscopic complete mesocolic excision: West meets East. World J Gastroenterol 20(39):14301–14307. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14301
Bertelsen CA, Neuenschwander AU, Jansen JE, Kirkegaard-Klitbo A, Tenma JR, Wilhelmsen M, Rasmussen LA, Jepsen LV, Kristensen B, Gögenur I, Copenhagen Complete Mesocolic Excision Study (COMES); Danish Colorectal Cancer Group (DCCG) (2016) Short-term outcomes after complete mesocolic excision compared with 'conventional' colonic cancer surgery. Br J Surg 103(5):581–589. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10083 (Epub 2016 Jan 18)
Yeo HL, Isaacs AJ, Abelson JS, Milsom JW, Sedrakyan A (2016) Comparison of open, laparoscopic, and robotic colectomies using a large national database: outcomes and trends related to surgery center volume. Dis Colon Rectum 59(6):535–542. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000000580
Bosker RJI, Van’t Riet E, de Noo M, Vermaas M, Karsten TM, Pierie JP (2019) Minimally invasive versus open approach for right-sided colectomy: a study in 12,006 patients from the Dutch surgical colorectal audit. Dig Surg 36(1):27–32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486400
Emile SH, Elfeki H, Shalaby M et al (2019) Intracorporeal versus extracorporeal anastomosis in minimally invasive right colectomy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Tech Coloproctol 23(11):1023–1035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-019-02079-7
Liu D, Liang L, Liu L, Zhu Z (2021) Does intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescence angiography decrease the incidence of anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 36(1):57–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-020-03741-5 (Epub 2020 Sep 18)
Li Z, Zhou Y, Tian G, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Li X , Song M (2020) Meta-analysis on the efficacy of indocyanine green fluorescence angiography for reduction of anastomotic leakage after rectal cancer surgery. Am Surg. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003134820982848 (Online ahead of print.PMID: 33377797)
Benlice C, Stocchi L, Costedio MM, Gorgun E, Kessler H (2016) Impact of the specific extraction-site location on the risk of incisional hernia after laparoscopic colorectal resection. Dis Colon Rectum 59(8):743–750. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000000632
Ma CS, Tong YX, Gong JP (2020) Distribution of metastatic cancer cells in colorectal mesentery. World J Surg 44(3):967–972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-019-05284-5
Gao Z, Wang C, Cui Y et al (2020) Efficacy and safety of complete mesocolic excision in patients with colon cancer: three-year results from a prospective, nonrandomized, double-blind. Control Trial Ann Surg 271(3):519–526. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003012
Petz W, Ribero D, Bertani E, Borin S, Formisano G, Esposito S, Spinoglio G, Bianchi PP (2017) Suprapubic approach for robotic complete mesocolic excision in right colectomy: oncologic safety and short-term outcomes of an original technique. Eur J Surg Oncol 43(11):2060–2066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2017.07.020 (Epub 2017 Aug 10)
Dolejs SC, Waters JA, Ceppa EP, Zarzaur BL (2017) Laparoscopic versus robotic colectomy: a national surgical quality improvement project analysis. Surg Endosc 31(6):2387–2396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-5239-5
Formisano G, Esposito S, Coratti F, Giuliani G, Salaj A, Bianchi PP (2019) Structured training program in colorectal surgery: the robotic surgeon as a new paradigm. Minerva Chir 74(2):170–175. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4733.18.07951-8
Trastulli S, Coratti A, Guarino S, Piagnerelli R, Annecchiarico M, Coratti F et al (2015) Robotic right colectomy with intracorporeal anastomosis compared with laparoscopic right colectomy with extracorporeal and intracorporeal anastomosis: a retrospective multicenter study. Surg Endosc 29(6):1512e21
Blumberg D (2019) Robotic colectomy with intracorporeal anastomosis is feasible with no operative conversions during the learning curve for an experienced laparoscopic surgeon develo** a robotics program. J Robot Surg 13(4):545–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-018-0895-1
Ngu JC, Ng YY (2018) Robotics confers an advantage in right hemicolectomy with intracorporeal anastomosis when matched against conventional laparoscopy. J Robot Surg 12(4):647–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-018-0793-6
Reitz ACW, Lin E, Rosen SA (2018) A single surgeon’s experience transitioning to robotic-assisted right colectomy with intracorporeal anastomosis. Surg Endosc 32(8):3525–3532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-018-6074-7
Scotton G, Contardo T, Zerbinati A, Tosato SM, Orsini C, Morpurgo E (2018) From laparoscopic right colectomy with extracorporeal anastomosis to robot-assisted intracorporeal anastomosis to totally robotic right colectomy for cancer: the evolution of robotic multiquadrant abdominal surgery. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 28(10):1216–1222. https://doi.org/10.1089/lap.2017.0693
Jurowich C, Lichthardt S, Kastner C et al (2019) Laparoscopic versus open right hemicolectomy in colon carcinoma: A propensity score analysis of the DGAV StuDoQ|ColonCancer registry. PLoS One 14(6):e0218829. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218829 (Published 2019 Jun 27)
Funding
The authors received no funding or financial support for the research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Adelona Salaj, MD; Giuseppe Giuliani, MD; Luca Ferraro, MD; and Giampaolo Formisano, MD FACS have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose. Paolo Pietro Bianchi is proctor for Intuitive Surgical Inc.
Research involving human participants and/or animals
The authors ensure that accepted principles of ethical and professional conduct have been followed.
Informed consent
A database was established and prospectively maintained to collect data of the patients, who gave their informed consent.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bianchi, P.P., Salaj, A., Giuliani, G. et al. Feasibility of robotic right colectomy with complete mesocolic excision and intracorporeal anastomosis: short-term outcomes of 161 consecutive patients. Updates Surg 73, 1065–1072 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-021-01001-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-021-01001-x