SpringerLink
Log in

Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT) for Binge Eating: A Randomized Clinical Trial

  • ORIGINAL PAPER
  • Published:
Mindfulness Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Binge eating is characterized by significant imbalance in food intake regulation and is often comorbid with obesity and depression. Mindfulness-based approaches may reduce compulsive overeating, address associated behavioral and emotional dysregulation, and promote internalization of change. This randomized trial explored the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT), a 12-session group treatment, in comparison to a psychoeducational/cognitive–behavioral intervention (PECB) and a wait list control. MB-EAT incorporates sitting and guided mindfulness practices to cultivate greater awareness of hunger and fullness cues, sensory-specific satiety, and emotional and other triggers for eating. The two-site study randomized 150 overweight or obese (body mass index = 40.3) individuals (12 % men; 14 % African-American/Hispanic; average age = 46.6 years), 66 % of whom met the full DSM-IV-R criteria for binge eating disorder (BED). Compared to the wait list control, MB-EAT and PECB showed generally comparable improvement after 1 and 4 months post-intervention on binge days per month, the Binge Eating Scale, and depression. At 4 months post-intervention, 95 % of those individuals with BED in MB-EAT no longer met the BED criteria vs. 76 % receiving PECB; furthermore, binges that occurred were likely to be significantly smaller. Amount of mindfulness practice predicted improvement on a range of variables, including weight loss (r = −0.38, p < 0.05). Results suggest that MB-EAT decreased binge eating and related symptoms at a clinically meaningful level, with improvement related to the degree of mindfulness practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agras, W. S., Telch, C. F., Arnow, B., Eldredge, K., Detzer, M. J., Henderson, J., et al. (1995). Does interpersonal therapy help patients with binge eating disorder who fail to respond to cognitive–behavioral therapy? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(3), 356–360.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agras, W. S., & Robinson, A. H. (2008). Forty years of progress in the treatment of the eating disorders. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 62(S47), 19–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, H., & Craighead, L. (1999). Appetite monitoring in the treatment of binge eating disorder. Behavior Therapy, 30(2), 253–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Appelhans, B. M. (2009). Neurobehavioral inhibition of reward-driven feeding: Implications for dieting and obesity. Obesity, 17(4), 640–647. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.638.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, R. D., Masheb, R. M., & Grilo, C. M. (2011). Food thought suppression: A matched comparison of obese individuals with and without binge eating disorder. Eating Behaviors, 12(4), 272–276.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batterink, L., Yokum, S., & Stice, E. (2010). Body mass correlates inversely with inhibitory control in response to food among adolescent girls: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 52(4), 1696–1703. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.059.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bays, J. (2009). Mindful eating. Boston: Shambala.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for Beck Depression Inventory—II. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhard, J. D., Kristeller, J., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (1988). Effectiveness of relaxation and visualization techniques as an adjunct to phototherapy and photochemotherapy of psoriasis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 19(3), 572–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, S., Chawla, N., Collins, S. E., Witkiewitz, K., Hsu, S., Grow, J., et al. (2009). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: A pilot efficacy trial. Substance Abuse, 30(4), 295–305. doi:10.1080/08897070903250084.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brondel, L., Romer, M., Van Wymelbeke, V., Walla, P., Jiang, T., Deecke, L., et al. (2007). Sensory-specific satiety with simple foods in humans: No influence of BMI? International Journal of Obesity, 31(6), 987–995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capaldi, E. D. (Ed.). (1996). Why we eat what we eat: The psychology of eating. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassin, S. E., & von Ranson, K. M. (2007). Is binge eating experienced as an addiction? Appetite, 49(3), 687–690. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.06.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Celio, A. A., Wilfley, D. E., Crow, S. J., Mitchell, J., & Walsh, B. T. (2004). A comparison of the Binge Eating Scale, Questionnaire for Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised, and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire with Instructions with the Eating Disorder Examination in the assessment of binge eating disorder and its symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36(4), 434–444. doi:10.1002/eat.20057.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cottone, P., Sabino, V., Roberto, M., Bajo, M., Pockros, L., Frihauf, J. B., et al. (2009). CRF system recruitment mediates dark side of compulsive eating. PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences), 106(47), 20016–20020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craighead, L. W., & Allen, H. (1995). Appetite awareness training: A cognitive–behavioral intervention for binge eating. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 2(2), 249–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalen, J., Smith, B. W., Shelley, B. M., Sloan, A. L., Leahigh, L., & Begay, D. (2010). Pilot study: Mindful Eating and Living (MEAL): Weight, eating behavior, and psychological outcomes associated with a mindfulness-based intervention for people with obesity. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 18(6), 260–264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daubenmier, J., Kristeller, J., Hecht, F. M., Maninger, N., Kuwata, M., Jhaveri, K., et al. (2011). Mindfulness intervention for stress eating to reduce cortisol and abdominal fat among overweight and obese women: An exploratory randomized controlled study. Journal of Obesity, 2011, 651936–651936.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. M., & Hayes, J. A. (2011). What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy, 48(2), 198–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis, L. R., & Cleary, P. A. (1977). Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: A study in construct validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 981–989. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(197710)33:4<981::aid-jclp2270330412>3.0.co;2–0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis, L. R., & DellaPietra, L. (1994). Psychological tests in screening for psychiatric disorder. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment (pp. 22–54). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldredge, K., Agras, W. S., Arnow, B., Telch, C., Bell, S., Castonguay, L., et al. (1997). The effects of extending cognitive–behavioral therapy for binge eating disorder among initial treatment nonresponders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21(4), 347–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn, C. G., & Wilson, G. T. (1993). Binge eating: Nature, assessment, and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fassino, S., Pierò, A., Gramaglia, C., & Abbate-Daga, G. (2004). Clinical, psychopathological and personality correlates of interoceptive awareness in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and obesity. Psychopathology, 37(4), 168–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finlayson, G., King, N., & Blundell, J. E. (2007). Liking vs. wanting food: Importance for human appetite control and weight regulation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 31(7), 987–1002. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.03.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forman, E. M., Hoffman, K. L., McGrath, K. B., Herbert, J. D., Brandsma, L. L., & Lowe, M. R. (2007). A comparison of acceptance- and control-based strategies for co** with food cravings: An analog study. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 2372–2386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franko, D. L., Thompson-Brenner, H., Thompson, D. R., Boisseau, C. L., Davis, A., Forbush, K. T., et al. (2012). Racial/ethnic differences in adults in randomized clinical trials of binge eating disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(2), 186–195. doi:10.1037/a0026700.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geliebter, A., & Hashim, S. A. (2001). Gastric capacity in normal, obese, and bulimic women. Physiology and Behavior, 74(4–5), 743–746. doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00619-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, S. M., & Ruderman, A. J. (1986). The development and validation of an Eating Self-Efficacy Scale. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10(4), 403–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfield, G. S., Adamo, K. B., Rutherford, J., & Legg, C. (2008). Stress and the relative reinforcing value of food in female binge eaters. Physiology and Behavior, 93(3), 579–587.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gormally, J., Black, S., Daston, S., & Rardin, D. (1982). The assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons. Addictive Behaviors, 7(1), 47–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grabenhorst, F., Rolls, E. T., & Bilderbeck, A. (2008). How cognition modulates affective responses to taste and flavor: Top-down influences on the orbitofrontal and pregenual cingulate cortices. Cerebral Cortex, 18(7), 1549–1559. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grilo, C. M., Masheb, R. M., Wilson, G. T., Gueorguieva, R., & White, M. A. (2011). Cognitive–behavioral therapy, behavioral weight loss, and sequential treatment for obese patients with binge-eating disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(5), 675–685.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research., 57(1), 35–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heatherington, M. M., & Rolls, B. J. (1996). Sensory-specific satiety: Theoretical frameworks and central characteristics. In E. D. Capaldi (Ed.), Why we eat what we eat (pp. 267–290). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hilbert, A., Bishop, M. E., Stein, R. I., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Swenson, A. K., Welch, R. R., et al. (2012). Long-term efficacy of psychological treatments for binge eating disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(3), 232–237.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, A. J. (2007). The psychology of food craving. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 66, 277–285.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, S. G., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2008). Acceptance and mindfulness-based therapy: New wave or old hat? Clinical Psychology Review, 28(1), 1–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169–183. doi:10.1037/a0018555.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollis, S., & Campbell, F. (1999). What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal, 319(7211), 670–674.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living. New York: Delacorte Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A. O., Kristeller, J. L., Peterson, L. G., Fletcher, K. E., Pbert, L., et al. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(7), 936–943.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabatznick, R. (1998). The Zen of eating. New York: Berkeley Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemeny, M. E., Foltz, C., Cavanagh, J. F., Cullen, M., Giese-Davis, J., Jennings, P., et al. (2012). Contemplative/emotion training reduces negative emotional behavior and promotes prosocial responses. Emotion, 12(2), 338–350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keng, S.-L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1041–1056.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristeller, J. L. (2007). Mindfulness meditation. In P. Lehrer, R. Wookfolk, & W. E. Simes (Eds.), Principles and practices of stress management (3rd ed., pp. 393–427). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristeller, J. L., Baer, R. A., & Quillian-Wolever, R. (2006). Mindfulness-based approaches to eating disorders. In R. A. Baer (Ed.), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches. Burlington: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristeller, J. L., & Hallett, C. B. (1999). An exploratory study of a meditation-based intervention for binge eating disorder. Journal of Health Psychology, 4(3), 357–363.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristeller, J. L., & Wolever, R. Q. (2011). Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training for treating binge eating disorder: The conceptual foundation. Eating Disorders, 19(1), 49–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumanyika, S. (1987). Obesity in Black women. Epidemiologic Reviews, 9, 31–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lillis, J., Hayes, S. C., Bunting, K., & Masuda, A. (2009). Teaching acceptance and mindfulness to improve the lives of the obese: A preliminary test of a theoretical model. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37(1), 58–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linde, J. A., Jeffery, R. W., Levy, R. L., Sherwood, N. E., Utter, J., Pronk, N. P., et al. (2004). Binge eating disorder, weight control self-efficacy, and depression in overweight men and women. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 28(3), 418–425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive–behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, M. R., Butryn, M. L., Didie, E. R., Annunziato, R. A., Thomas, J. G., Crerand, C. E., et al. (2009). The Power of Food Scale: A new measure of the psychological influence of the food environment. Appetite, 53, 114–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, T. R., Chapman, A. L., Rosenthal, M. Z., Kuo, J. R., & Linehan, M. M. (2006). Mechanisms of change in dialectical behavior therapy: Theoretical and empirical observations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(4), 459–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, M. D., Wing, R. R., & Hopkins, J. (1988). Obese binge eaters: Affect, cognitions, and response to behavioral weight control. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(3), 433–439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marlatt, G.A., & Kristeller, J.L. (1999). Mindfulness and meditation. In W. R. Miller (Ed.), Integrating spirituality into treatment: Resources for practitioners. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Mathes, W. F., Brownley, K. A., Mo, X., & Bulik, C. M. (2009). The biology of binge eating. Appetite, 52(3), 545–553. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.03.005.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazumdar, S., Liu, K. S., Houck, P. R., & Reynolds, C. F. I. (1999). Intent-to-treat analysis for longitudinal clinical trials: Co** with the challenge of missing values. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 33(2), 87–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, V. V. W., Jordan, J., Carter, J. D., Latner, J. D., & Wallace, A. (2007). Appetite-focused cognitive–behavioral therapy for binge eating. In J. D. Latner & G. T. Wilson (Eds.), Self-help approaches for obesity and eating disorders: Research and practice (pp. 325–346). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C., Kristeller, J. L., Headings, A., Hagaraja, H., & Miser, F. (2012). Comparative effectiveness of a mindful eating intervention to a diabetes self-management intervention among adults with type 2 diabetes. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 112(11), 1835–1842.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nasser, J. (2001). Taste, food intake and obesity. Obesity Reviews, 2(4), 213–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nauta, H., Hospers, H. J., Jansen, A., & Kok, G. (2000). Cognitions in obese binge eaters and obese non-binge eaters. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(5), 521–531. doi:10.1023/a:1005510027890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochner, C. N., Green, D., van Steenburgh, J. J., Kounios, J., & Lowe, M. R. (2009). Asymmetric prefrontal cortex activation in relation to markers of overeating in obese humans. Appetite, 53(1), 44–49. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.220.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ouwens, M. A., van Strien, T., van Leeuwe, J. F. J., & van der Staak, C. P. F. (2009). The dual pathway model of overeating. Replication and extension with actual food consumption. Appetite, 52(1), 234–237. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.07.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proulx, K. (2008). Experiences of women with bulimia nervosa in a mindfulness-based eating disorder treatment group. Eating Disorders, 16(1), 52–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raynor, H. A., & Epstein, L. H. (2001). Dietary variety, energy regulation, and obesity. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ricca, V., Castellini, G., Mannucci, E., Lo Sauro, C., Ravaldi, C., Rotella, C. M., et al. (2010). Comparison of individual and group cognitive behavioral therapy for binge eating disorder. A randomized, three-year follow-up study. Appetite, 55(3), 656–665.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts-Wolfe, D., Sacchet, M., Hastings, E., Roth, H., & Britton, W. (2012). Mindfulness training alters emotional memory recall compared to active controls: Support for an emotional information processing model of mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00015.

  • Rolls, E. T. (2006). Brain mechanisms underlying flavour and appetite. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 361(1471), 1123–1136.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolls, E. T. (2007). Understanding the mechanisms of food intake and obesity. Obesity Reviews, 8, 67–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, F., Zimmerli, E. J., Devlin, M. J., Walsh, B. T., & Kissileff, H. R. (2009). The development of hunger and fullness during a laboratory meal in patients with binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42(2), 125–129. doi:10.1002/eat.20585.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, G. E. (1975). Biofeedback, self-regulation, and the patterning of physiological processes. American Scientist, 63(3), 314–324.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherwood, N. E., Jeffery, R. W., & Wing, R. R. (1999). Binge status as a predictor of weight loss treatment outcome. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 23(5), 485–493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. (2010). Mindsight. New York: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. W., Shelley, B. M., Leahigh, L., & Vanleit, B. (2006). A preliminary study of the effects of a modified mindfulness intervention on binge eating. Complementary Health Practice Review, 11(3), 133–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobik, L., Hutchison, K., & Craighead, L. (2005). Cue-elicited craving for food: A fresh approach to the study of binge eating. Appetite, 44(3), 253–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steer, R. A., Ball, R., Ranieri, W. F., & Beck, A. T. (1999). Dimensions of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in clinically depressed outpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 117–128. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097–4679(199901)55:1<117::aid-jclp12>3.0.co;2-a.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stice, E., Spoor, S., Ng, J., & Zald, D. H. (2009). Relation of obesity to consummatory and anticipatory food reward. Physiology and Behavior, 97(5), 551–560. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.020.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stice, E., Yokum, S., Blum, K., & Bohon, C. (2010). Weight gain is associated with reduced striatal response to palatable food. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(39), 13105–13109. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2105-10.2010.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stice, E., Yokum, S., Bohon, C., Marti, N., & Smolen, A. (2010). Reward circuitry responsivity to food predicts future increases in body mass: Moderating effects of drd2 and drd4. NeuroImage, 1618–1625. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.081.

  • Striegel-Moore, R., Wilfley, D., Pike, K., Dohm, F., & Fairburn, C. (2000). Recurrent binge eating in Black American women. Archives of Family Medicine, 9(1), 83–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stunkard, A. J., Faith, M. S., & Allison, K. C. (2003). Depression and obesity. Biological Psychiatry, 54(3), 330–337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stunkard, A. J., & Messick, S. (1985). The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29(1), 71–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sysko, R., Hildebrandt, T., Wilson, G. T., Wilfley, D. E., & Agras, W. S. (2010). Heterogeneity moderates treatment response among patients with binge eating disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(5), 681–690.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tapper, K., Shaw, C., Ilsley, J., Hill, A. J., Bond, F. W., & Moore, L. (2009). Exploratory randomised controlled trial of a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention for women. Appetite, 52, 396–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002). Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 275–287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(1), 25–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Telch, C. F., Agras, W. S., & Linehan, M. M. (2001). Dialectical behavior therapy for binge eating disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 1061–1065.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson-Brenner, H., Franko, D. L., Thompson, D. R. et al. (2013). Race/ethnicity, education, and treatment parameters as moderators and predictors of outcome in binge eating disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, in press.

  • Timmerman, G. M. (1999). Binge Eating Scale: Further assessment of validity and reliability. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 4(1), 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9861.1999.tb00051.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman, G. M., & Brown, A. (2012). The effect of a mindful restaurant eating intervention on weight management in women. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 44, 22–28.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Strien, T., Engels, R. C. M. E., Van Leeuwe, J., & Snoek, H. M. (2005). The Stice model of overeating: Tests in clinical and non-clinical samples. Appetite, 45(3), 205–213. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.08.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, R. (2011). Lifestyle and mental health. American Psychologist, 66(7), 579–592. doi:10.1037/a0021769.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, R., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006). The meeting of meditative disciplines and Western psychology: A mutually enriching dialogue. American Psychologist, 61(3), 227–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wansink, B. (2007). Mindless eating: Why we eat more than we think. New York: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilfley, D. E., Agras, W. S., Telch, C. F., Rossiter, E. M., Schneider, J. A., Cole, A. G., et al. (1993). Group cognitive–behavioral therapy and group interpersonal psychotherapy for the nonpurging bulimic individual: A controlled comparison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 296–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilfley, D. E., Vannucci, A., & White, E. K. (2010). Early intervention of eating- and weight-related problems. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 17(4), 285–300. doi:10.1007/s10880-010-9209-0.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilfley, D. E., Welch, R. R., Stein, R. I., Spurrell, E. B., Cohen, L. R., Saelens, B. E., et al. (2002). A randomized comparison of group cognitive–behavioral therapy and group interpersonal psychotherapy for the treatment of overweight individuals with binge-eating disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 713–721. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.8.713.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilfley, D. E., Wilson, G. T., & Agras, W. S. (2003). The clinical significance of binge eating disorder. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34(Suppl), S96–S106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. M. G. (2010). Mindfulness and psychological process. Emotion, 10(1), 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. T., Nonas, C. A., & Rosenblum, G. D. (1993). Assessment of binge eating in obese patients. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 13(1), 25–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. T., & Sysko, R. (2009). Frequency of binge eating episodes in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: Diagnostic considerations. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42, 603–610.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. T., Wilfley, D. E., Agras, W. S., & Bryson, S. W. (2010). Psychological treatments of binge eating disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(1), 94–101. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.170.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolever, R. Q., & Best, J. L. (2009). Mindfulness-based approaches to eating disorders. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 259–288). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit–goal interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine “Meditation-Based Treatment for Binge Eating Disorder” NIH Grant: R21 AT00416-01.

The manual for the MB-EAT program used here may be obtained from Jean L. Kristeller, Ph.D., at JKristeller@indstate.edu. A published version is in preparation. A detailed outline of the PECB treatment may be obtained from Ruth Q. Wolever, Ph.D., at ruth.wolever@duke.edu.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA

    Jean Kristeller & Virgil Sheets

  2. Duke Integrative Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA

    Ruth Q. Wolever

Authors
  1. Jean Kristeller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ruth Q. Wolever
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Virgil Sheets
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jean Kristeller.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kristeller, J., Wolever, R.Q. & Sheets, V. Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT) for Binge Eating: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Mindfulness 5, 282–297 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0179-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0179-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation