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Enhanced sonophotocatalytic degradation of paracetamol in the presence of Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and H2O2

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Abstract

The presence of pharmaceutical compounds, particularly, paracetamol in water is of significant environmental concern due to their undesirable effects on aquatic organisms and poor biodegradability. The present work investigated the efficient degradation of paracetamol in water using sonophotocatalytic process in the presence of iron (Fe)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. The effects of Fe do** into TiO2 and calcination temperatures were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was discovered that 3 wt% Fe dopants into TiO2 nanoparticles with suitable calcination temperature at 600 °C could improve the sonophotocatalytic activity remarkably toward the degradation of paracetamol. The degradation efficiency of 100% was achieved under optimal experimental conditions, namely 5 mg/L initial paracetamol, 1 g/L 3 wt% Fe-doped TiO2-600, solution pH of 5, 0.5 mM of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) after 30-min ultrasonic power of 296 W, ultrasonic frequency of 50 kHz and ultraviolet wavelength of 302 nm. These findings are crucial for designing Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with high catalytic performance for the degradation of paracetamol and appeared as an alternative solution to treat pharmaceutical compounds effectively.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the funding provided by Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2018/TK10/UTAR/02/2) by the Ministry of Education (MOE) Malaysia. The financial support provided by Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Research Grant and SATU Joint Research Scheme Program are also acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Hui Cheng Yap, Yean Ling Pang & Steven Lim

  2. Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute of Graduate Studies Building, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Chin Wei Lai

  3. School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

    Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah

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  1. Hui Cheng Yap
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  2. Yean Ling Pang
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  3. Steven Lim
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  4. Chin Wei Lai
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  5. Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah
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Correspondence to Yean Ling Pang.

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Yap, H.C., Pang, Y.L., Lim, S. et al. Enhanced sonophotocatalytic degradation of paracetamol in the presence of Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and H2O2. Environ Earth Sci 79, 457 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09194-x

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