Abstract
Heritage incorporates images, customs, rituals, beliefs, cultures, knowledge, arts, crafts, music, and artifacts of a region. Apart from conferring the details about the understanding of previous generations, the heritage multimedia also provides details regarding innovative attitudes, ways of living, and heterogeneity of historical and archaeological approaches of a society. Since the availability of the internet in the present scenario makes an illicit user access the data easily, therefore, it is mandatory to protect the Cultural Heritage (CH) media. This paper offers a secure and resilient Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based blind watermarking algorithm for copyright security of digital images. We have developed and tested two different approaches of embedding namely Fixed Threshold Reference-based Relative Modulation (FTRRM) and Adaptive Threshold Reference-based Relative Modulation (ATRRM). In either approach, the watermark is embedded in the ‘Y’ component of the YCbCr color model. In FTRRM, the ‘Y’ component of the host image is first divided into 8 × 8 non-overlap** blocks and DCT is applied on each block. The watermark bits are embedded into the transformed coefficients by modulating the relative difference of coefficients depending on the bit to be embedded. A similar embedding strategy is followed in ATRRM, with a change that relative difference is modulated adaptively. Both schemes have been tested on a set of heritage images, besides general test images. We make use of chaotic and Deoxyribo Nucleic acid (DNA) encryption to ensure double-layer security of embedded watermark. The Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of the proposed scheme in the case of FTRRM is 40.4984 dB and for ATRRM it is 39.9549 dB, the Structural Similarity Index Matrix (SSIM) values are close to unity, in both cases for various test images that guarantee the imperceptibility of the proposed scheme. The robustness of each scheme is revealed by comparing them with the various state-of-the-art techniques separately.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data cannot be made available as the authors are not permitted to do so as per the institution policy.
References
Abraham J, Paul V (2019) An imperceptible spatial domain color image watermarking scheme. J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci 31(1):125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.12.004
Cappellini V, Bartolini V, Caldelli R, Rosa AD, Piva A, Barni M, Wada M (2000) Copyright protection of heritage multimedia data through digital watermarking techniques. In: Proceedings of the 11th International workshop on database and expert systems applications. https://doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2000.875138
Chang X, Nie F, Wang S, Yang Y, Zhou X, Zhang C (2016) Compound rank-k projections for bilinear analysis. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 27(7):1502–1513
Chen K, Yao L, Zhang D, Wang X, Chang X, Nie F (2020) A semisupervised recurrent convolutional attention model for human activity recognition. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 31(5):1747–1756
Choi Y, Aizawa K (2000) Digital watermarking using inter-block correlation: extension to JPEG coded domain. In: Proceedings international conference on information technology: coding and computing, pp 133–138
Fares K, Amine K, Salah E (2020) A robust blind color image watermarking based on Fourier transform domain. Int J Light Electron Optics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164562
Feng LP, Zheng LB, Cao P (2010) A DWT-DCT based blind watermarking algorithm for copyright protection. In: 2010 3rd international conference on computer science and information technology, pp 455–458
Kamili A, Hurrah NN, Parah SA, Bhat GM, Muhammad K (2021) DWFCAT: dual watermarking framework for industrial image authentication and tamper localization. IEEE Trans Indus Inform 17:5108–5117
Kang X, Huang J, Shi YQ, Lin Y (2003) A DWT-DFT composite watermarking scheme robust to both affine transform and JPEG compression. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 13(8):776–786
Ko HJ, Huang CT, Horng G, Wang SJ (2020) Robust and blind image watermarking in DCT domain using inter-block coefficient correlation. Inf Sc 517:128–147
Koa HJ, Huang CT, Hornga G, Wang SJ (2020) Robust and blind image watermarking in DCT domain using inter-block coefficient correlation. Inf Sci 517:128–147
Li Z, Nie F, Chang X, Yang Y, Zhang C, Sebe N (2018) Dynamic affinity graph construction for spectral clustering using multiple features. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 29(12):6323–6332
Li Z, Yao L, Chang X, Zhan K, Sun J, Zhang H (2019) Zero-shot event detection via event-adaptive concept relevance mining. Pattern Recogn 88:595–603
Lin PY, Lee JS, Chang CC (2009) Dual digital watermarking for internet media based on hybrid strategies. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 19:1169–1177
Liu XL, Lin CC, Yuan SM (2018) Blind dual watermarking for color images’ authentication and copyright protection. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 28(5):1047–1055
Loan NA, Hurrah NN, Parah SA, Lee JW, Sheikh JA, Bhat GM (2018) Secure and robust digital image watermarking using coefficient differencing and chaotic encryption. IEEE Access 6:19876–19897
Luo M, Chang X, Nie L, Yang Y, Hauptmann AG, Zheng Q (2018) An adaptive semi supervised feature analysis for video semantic recognition. IEEE Trans Cybern 48(2):648–660
Mastico AD, Cappellini V, Caldelli R, Rosa D, Piva A (2007) Virtual restoration and protection of cultural heritage images. In 2007 15th international conference on digital signal processing. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDSP.2007.4288621
Mushtaq S, Mehraj S, Parah SA, Giri KJ, Sheikh JA (2022) Cultural heritage copyright protection: a blind and robust watermarking technique for heritage images. In: 2022 7th international conference for convergence in technology. https://doi.org/10.1109/I2CT54291.2022.9825126
Phadikar A, Jana A, Phadikar BS, Maity GK (2016) Reversible watermarking using channel coding and lifting for cultural heritage and medical image. Int J Inf Comput Security 8:34–54
Qiu X, Du Z, Sun X (2019) Artificial intelligence-based security authentication: applications in wireless multimedia networks. IEEE Access 7:172004–172011
Rakhmawati L, Wirawan W, Suwadi S, Delpha C, Duhamel P (2021) Blind robust image watermarking based on adaptive embedding strength and distribution of quantified coefficients. Expert Syst Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115906
Roy A, Chakraborty RS (2019) Towards optimal prediction error expansion based reversible image watermarking. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 30(8):2377–2390
Roy S, Pal AK (2017) A blind DCT based color watermarking algorithm for embedding multiple watermarks. AEU Int J Electron Commun 72:149–161
Salerno E (2016) Watermarking information layers in multispectral images of cultural heritage objects. In: 2016 international workshop on computational intelligence for multimedia understanding. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWCIM.2016.7801176
Su Q, Niu Y, Zou H, Liu X (2013) A blind dual color images watermarking based on singular value decomposition. Appl Math Comput 219:8455–8466
Wang Y, Pearmain A (2004) Blind image data hiding based on self reference. Pattern Recogn Lett 25:1681–1689
Won J, Seo SH, Bertino E (2017) Certificateless cryptographic protocols for efficient drone-based smart city applications. IEEE Access 5:3721–3749
Yu E, Ma J, Sun J, Chang X, Zhang H, Hauptmann AG (2022) Deep discrete cross-modal hashing with multiple supervision. Neurocomputing 486:215–224
Yuan Z, Liu D, Zhang X, Su Q (2020) New image blind watermarking method based on two-dimensional discrete cosine transform. Int J Light Electron Optics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.164152
Zhang H, Li Z, Liu X, Wang C, Wang X (2021) Robust image watermarking algorithm based on QWT and QSVD using 2DChebyshev-Logistic map. J Franklin Inst 359(2):1755–1781
Zhao Y (2004) Dual domain watermarking for authentication and compression of cultural heritage images. IEEE Trans Image Process 13:430–448
Zhou R, Chang X, Shi L, Shen YD, Yang Y, Nie F (2020) Person reisentification via multi-feature fusion with adaptive graph learning. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 31(5):1592–1601
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express gratitude to the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, for supporting this work under SHRI, scheme under Grant number: DST/TDT/SHRI-33/2018.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mehraj, S., Mushtaq, S., Parah, S.A. et al. A robust watermarking scheme for hybrid attacks on heritage images. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 14, 7367–7380 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-022-04445-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-022-04445-0