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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in the Two Major Forms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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Pathology & Oncology Research

Abstract

The factors involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, the two major types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are summarized. Intestinal antigens composed of bacterial flora along with antigen presentation and impaired mucosal barrier have an important role in the initiation of IBD. The bacterial community may be modified by the use of antibiotics and probiotics. The dentritic cells recognize the antigens by cell surface Toll like receptor and the cytoplasmic CARD/NOD system. The balance between Th1/Th2/Th17 cell populations being the source of a variety of cytokines regulates the inflammatory mechanisms and the clearance of microbes. The intracellular killing and digestion, including autophagy, are important in the protection against microbes and their toxins. The homing process determines the location and distribution of the immune cells along the gut. All these players are potential targets of pharmacological manipulation of disease status.

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Abbreviations

APC:

antigen presenting cell

ATG16L1:

autophagy-related protein 16–1

CARD:

caspase recruitment domain-containing protein

CD:

Chron’s disease

CD:

cluster of differentiation

CDAI:

crohn’s disease activity index

CpG:

cytosine—phosphate—guanine

DC:

dendritic cell

DSS:

dextran sulphate sodium

Ebi:

Epstein-Barr virus induced gene

GALT:

gut associated lymphoid tissue

G-CSF:

granulocyte colony stimulating factor

IBD:

inflammatory bowel disease

ICAM:

intercellular adhesion molecule

IEC:

intestinal epithelial cells

Ig:

immunoglobulin

IL:

interleukin

INF:

interferon

IRGM:

immunity-related GTPase family M

KGF:

keratinocyte growth factor

KSR:

Ras-1 kinase suppressor

LFA:

lymphocyte function-associated antigen

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

MHC:

major histocompatibility complex

MMP:

matrix metalloprotease

NADPH:

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NCF4:

neutrophil cytosol factor

NF:

nuclear factor

NKT:

natural killer T cell

NLR:

NOD type receptor

NOD:

nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein

PAMP:

pathogen associated molecular pattern

PAR:

proteinase activated receptor

PPAR:

peroxisome proliferator activated receptor

PRR:

pattern recognition receptor

RAG:

recombination-activating gene

Ras:

rat sarcoma oncogene

SCID:

severe combined immunodeficiency

Smad:

vertebrate homologue of Mad (Mothers Against Decapentaplegic) protein

SOCS:

suppressor of cytokine signaling

STAT:

signal transducers and activators of transcription

TGF:

transforming growth factor

Th:

T helper

TLR:

toll-like receptor

TNBA:

trinitrobenzoic acid

TNF:

tumor necrosis factor

TNFR:

TNF receptor

TRC:

T cell receptor

UC:

ulcerative colitis

VCAM:

vascular cell adhesion molecule

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Peterfy Hospital, Budapest, Hungary

    Laszlo Bene

  2. Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, POB 370 H-1445, Hungary

    Andras Falus, Noemi Baffy & Andras Kristof Fulop

  3. Research Group for Inflammation Biology and Immunogenomics of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

    Andras Falus

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  1. Laszlo Bene
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Bene, L., Falus, A., Baffy, N. et al. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in the Two Major Forms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 17, 463–472 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-011-9397-4

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