SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of processing parameters on creep behavior of 316L stainless steel produced using selective laser melting

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The selective laser melting (SLM) method is being increasingly applied in the aerospace and power industries for the production of high temperature critical components. The effects of SLM processing parameters, such as laser power, scanning speed, and energy density on the creep properties were investigated for 316L stainless steel (SS316L). The effect of building direction was also studied. The creep resistance was influenced by the manufacturing direction. The vertical specimen demonstrated a longer creep life and higher creep resistance than the horizontal specimen. The creep resistance remained constant when the energy density was kept constant during manufacturing. If insufficient energy density was used for manufacturing, internal defects, such as voids and unmelt powder were generated, and lowered the creep resistance. However, if sufficient energy density higher than a minimum value was employed, the material creep properties mainly depended on the level of the energy density.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

Ā :

Small punch creep coefficient

\(\overline n \) :

Small punch creep exponent

\(\dot \delta \) :

Small punch creep displacement rate

v :

Scanning speed

d :

Hatching distance

e :

Layer thickness

E :

Energy density

P :

Punch load

P Laser :

Laser power

References

  1. B. Song, S. Dong, S. Deng, H. Liao and C. Coddet, Microstructure and tensile properties of iron parts fabricated by selective laser melting, Optics and Laser Technology, 56 (2014) 451–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. K. G. Prashanth, S. Scudino and J. Eckert, Defining the tensile properties of Al-12Si parts produced by selective laser melting, Acta Materialia, 126 (2017) 25–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. G. Casalino, S. L. Campanelli, N. Contuzzi and A. D. Ludovico, Experimental investigation and statistical optimisation of the selective laser melting process of a maraging steel, Optics and Laser Technology, 65 (2015) 151–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. G. Miranda, S. Faria, F. Bartolomeu, E. Pinto, S. Madeira, A. Mateus and O. Carvalho, Predictive models for physical and mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel produced by selective laser melting, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 657 (2016) 43–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. A. Simchi, Direct laser sintering of metal powders: mechanism, kinetics and microstructural features, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 428(1–2) (2006) 148–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. V. H. Dao, J. M. Yu and K. B. Yoon, Anisotropic creep behavior of stainless steel produced by selective laser melting, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 796 (2020) 140040.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. K. B. Yoon, V. H. Dao and J. M. Yu, Effects of build direction on tensile and creep properties of 316L stainless steel produced by selective laser melting, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 43(11) (2020) 2623–2636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. J. M. Yu, V. H. Dao and K. B. Yoon, Investigation of creep behavior of 316L stainless steel produced by selective laser melting with various processing parameters, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 34(8) (2020) 3249–3259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. J. M. Yu, V. H. Dao and K. B. Yoon, Effects of scanning speed on creep behaviour of 316L stainless steel produced using selective laser melting, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 43(10) (2020) 2312–2325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. L. Rickenbacher, T. Etter, S. Hövel and K. Wegener, High temperature material properties of IN738LC processed by selective laser melting (SLM) technology, Rapid Prototy** Journal, 19(4) (2013) 282–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Y. L. Kuo, S. Horikawa and K. Kakehi, Effects of build direction and heat treatment on creep properties of Ni-base superalloy built up by additive manufacturing, Scripta Materialia, 129 (2017) 74–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. H. Zhang, D. Gu, D. Ma, M. Guo, J. Yang, H. Zhang, H. Chen, C. Li, K. Svynarenko and K. Kosiba, Understanding tensile and creep properties of WC reinforced nickel-based composites fabricated by selective laser melting, Materials Science and Engineering: A (2020) 140431.

  13. Z. Xu, C. J. Hyde, C. Tuck and A. T. Clare, Creep behaviour of Inconel 718 processed by laser powder bed fusion, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 256 (2018) 13–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. L. Y. Wang, Y. C. Wang, Z. J. Zhou, H. Y. Wan, C. P. Li, G. F. Chen and G. P. Zhang, Small punch creep performance of heterogeneous microstructure dominated Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting, Materials and Design, 195 (2020) 109042.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Y. K. Kim, J. K. Hong and K. A. Lee, Enhancing the creep resistance of electron beam melted gamma Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy by using two-step heat treatment, Intermetallics, 121 (2020) 106771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. S. H. Sun, Y. Koizumi, S. Kurosu, Y. P. Li and A. Chiba, Phase and grain size inhomogeneity and their influences on creep behavior of Co-Cr-Mo alloy additive manufactured by electron beam melting, Acta Materialia, 86 (2015) 305–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. S. Griffiths, J. R. Croteau, M. D. Rossell, R. Erni, A. De Luca, N. Q. Vo, D. C. Dunand and C. Leinenbach, Coarsening-and creep resistance of precipitation-strengthened Al-Mg-Zr alloys processed by selective laser melting, Acta Materialia, 188 (2020) 192–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Y. N. Fan, H. J. Shi and K. Tokuda, A generalized hysteresis energy method for fatigue and creep-fatigue life prediction of 316L (N), Materials Science and Engineering: A, 625 (2015) 205–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. J. R. O. Leo, S. P. Barroso, M. E. Fitzpatrick, M. Wang and Z. Zhou, Microstructure, tensile and creep properties of an austenitic ODS 316L steel, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 749 (2019) 158–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. M. S. F. de Lima and S. Sankaré, Microstructure and mechanical behavior of laser additive manufactured AISI 316 stainless steel stringers, Materials and Design, 55 (2014) 526–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Y. Zhong, L. Liu, S. Wikman, D. Cui and Z. Shen, Intragranular cellular segregation network structure strengthening 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 470 (2016) 170–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. B. Zhang, L. Dembinski and C. Coddet, The study of the laser parameters and environment variables effect on mechanical properties of high compact parts elaborated by selective laser melting 316L powder, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 584 (2013) 21–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. J. A. Cherry, H. M. Davies, S. Mehmood, N. P. Lavery, S. G. R. Brown and J. Sienz, Investigation into the effect of process parameters on microstructural and physical properties of 316L stainless steel parts by selective laser melting, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 76(5–8) (2015) 869–879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. I. Tolosa, F. Garciandía, F. Zubiri, F. Zapirain and A. Esnaola, Study of mechanical properties of AISI 316 stainless steel processed by selective laser melting, following different manufacturing strategies, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 51(5) (2010) 639–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. R. J. Williams, J. Al-Lami, P. A. Hooper, M. S. Pham and C. M. Davies, Creep deformation and failure properties of 316L stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion under multiaxial loading conditions, Additive Manufacturing (2020) 101706.

  26. Y. W. Ma, S. Shim and K. B. Yoon, Assessment of power law creep constants of Gr91 steel using small punch creep tests, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 32(12) (2009) 951–960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. J. G. Kumar and K. Laha, Small punch creep deformation and rupture behavior of 316L (N) stainless steel, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 641 (2015) 315–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. J. G. Kumar and K. Laha, Localized creep characterization of 316LN stainless steel weld joint using small punch creep test, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 705 (2017) 72–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. K. Saeidi, X. Gao, Y. Zhong and Z. J. Shen, Hardened austenite steel with columnar sub-grain structure formed by laser melting, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 625 (2015) 221–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. K. Saeidi, L. Kvetková, F. Lofaj and Z. Shen, Austenitic stainless steel strengthened by the in situ formation of oxide nanoinclusions, RSC Advances, 5(27) (2015) 20747–20750.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. W. Shifeng, L. Shuai, W. Qingsong, C. Yan, Z. Sheng and S. Yusheng, Effect of molten pool boundaries on the mechanical properties of selective laser melting parts, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 214(11) (2014) 2660–2667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. N. Read, W. Wang, K. Essa and M. M. Attallah, Selective laser melting of AlSi10Mg alloy: process optimisation and mechanical properties development, Materials and Design, 65 (2015) 417–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. H. Zhang, H. Zhu, T. Qi, Z. Hu and X. Zeng, Selective laser melting of high strength Al-Cu-Mg alloys: processing, microstructure and mechanical properties, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 656 (2016) 47–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. D. Wang, C. Song, Y. Yang and Y. Bai, Investigation of crystal growth mechanism during selective laser melting and mechanical property characterization of 316L stainless steel parts, Materials and Design, 100 (2016) 291–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was partly supported by the KOEN (Proj. No. 2020-Hyunjang(Balun)-01) funded by Korea South-East Power Co. in 2020.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea

    Jae Hyeon Bae, Jong Min Yu, Van Hung Dao, Vanno Lok & Kee Bong Yoon

Authors
  1. Jae Hyeon Bae
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jong Min Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Van Hung Dao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Vanno Lok
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kee Bong Yoon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kee Bong Yoon.

Additional information

Jae Hyeon Bae received his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Chung-Ang University. He is currently an M.S. candidate at Chung-Ang University. His research interests are high temperature fracture mechanics and creep fracture of additive manufactured components.

Jong Min Yu received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Chung-Ang University. He is currently a Postdoctoral fellow at Chung-Ang University. His research interest is life and integrity assessment of facilities in power and process plants. He is currently involved in the study on mechanical properties of additive manufactured components with various process parameters.

Van Hung Dao received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Chung-Ang University. He is currently a Postdoctoral fellow at KRISS. His research interests are microstructural analysis and application of high temperature fracture mechanics to life assessment of structural material. He is extending research to behavior of additive manufactured materials.

Vanno Lok received his B.S. in Industrial and Mechanical Engineering from Institute of Technology of Cambodia. He received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Chung-Ang University. He is currently a Postdoctoral fellow at Chung-Ang University. His research interests are stress analysis problems in pressure vessel & pi** application in power plants, microstructural analysis, and creep behavior of high temperature fracture mechanics to structural materials in life assessment.

Kee Bong Yoon received his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Seoul National University, M.S. from KAIST and Ph.D. from Georgia Institute of Technology. He is currently a Professor at Chung-Ang University. His research interests are high temperature fracture and risk based management of energy plants and semiconductor plants. He is extending his research to fracture of additive manufactured materials.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bae, J.H., Yu, J.M., Dao, V.H. et al. Effects of processing parameters on creep behavior of 316L stainless steel produced using selective laser melting. J Mech Sci Technol 35, 3803–3812 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-021-2103-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-021-2103-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation