Abstract
Child poverty is considered to be an obstacle for the development of children around the world and to have a negative effect on social, economic and human development of a country. Therefore, analysis of this situation becomes vital in the study of poverty. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence in this field, especially in countries such Angola, with a long history of internal conflict and violence. This paper aims to measure the levels of deprivation and multidimensional poverty of children in Angola and the perceptions of poverty and child labour that urban households have in this country. A mix-methods study was designed, initially using the Integrated Survey on the Well-being of the Population (IBEP) 2008–2009. The levels of deprivation and multidimensional poverty of households with children of 18 years old or younger were calculated and the characteristics of those households were analysed. In the second part, a thematic analysis of 21 semi-structured interviews was conducted. The interviews were done in Lubango, urban Angola, with 14 children (8 to 16 years old) and 7 heads of household. The findings revealed that more than 30% of children aged 5 to 17 years in Angola are multidimensionally poor and 52% of children aged 0 to 17 years are absolutely poor. In addition, parents and children in Lubango associate poverty with lack of food and an income which is inadequate to cover the basic needs in a household. In addition, child work is considered to be normal if the family does not have the means to provide the minimum dietary intake.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The headcount ratio is the incidence of multidimensional poverty
The intensity of poverty is the average deprivation score of people multidimensionally poor and it is expressed \( A=\kern0.5em \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{c}_{i\ (k)}}{q} \) where \( {c}_{i\ (k)} \)is the censored deprivation score of individual i and q is the number of people who are multidimensionally poor
Funge consists of corn or yucca flour boiled.
Lombi consists of a stew made of mixed green leaves.
References
Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011a). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), 476–487.
Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011b). Understanding and misunderstandings of multidimensional poverty measurement. OPHI Working Paper N.43.
Alkire, S., & Roche, J. M. (2011). Beyond headcount: Measures that reflect the breadth and components of child poverty. OPHI Working Paper N. 45.
Alkire, S., & Santos, M. E. (2010). Acute multidimensonal poverty: A new index for develo** countries. OPHI Working paper N.38.
Alkire, S., Foster, J., Seth, S., Santos, M. E., Roche, J. M., & Ballon, P. (2015). Multidimensional poverty measurement and analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Allais, F. B. (2007). Children's work in Angola: An overview. University of Rome "tor Vergata".
Apablaza, M., & Yalonetzky, G. (2011). Measuring the dynamics of multiple deprivations among children: the cases of Andhra Pradesh, Ethiopia, Peru and Vietnam (young life research in progress ). Oxford: University of Oxford.
Assambleia Nacional (2012). Lei sobre a protecção e desenvolvimento integral da criança. In A. N. Angola (Ed.), (Vol. Lei n,0 25/12). Luanda.
Biggeri, M., Libanora, R., Mariani, S., & Menchini, L. (2006). Children conceptualizing their capabilities: Results of a survey conducted during the first Children's world congress on child labour. Journal of Human Development, 7(1), 59–83. doi:10.1080/14649880500501179.
Biggeri, M., Trani, J.-F., & Mauro, V. (2010 ). The multidimensionality of child poverty: An empirical investigation on children in Afghanistan. Florence: Dept. of Economics, University of Florence.
Biggeri, M., Ballet, J., & Comim, F. (Eds.). (2011). Children and the capability approach. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Boyatizis, R. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. California: Sage.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101.
Clark, D. A. (Ed.). (2012). Adaptation, poverty and development: The dynamics of subjective well-being. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
García-Rodríguez, J. L., García-Rodríguez, F. J., Castilla-Gutiérrez, C., & Major, S. A. (2015). Oil, power, and poverty in Angola. African Studies Review, 58(01), 159–176. doi:10.1017/asr.2015.8.
Gibbs, G. (2007). Analysing qualitative data. California: Sage.
Gordon, D., & Nandy, S. (2012). Measuring child poverty and deprivation. In A. Minu** & S. Nandy (Eds.), Global child poverty and well-being. Bristol: The policy press.
Gordon, D., Irving, M., Nandy, S., & Townsend, P. (2003a). Multidimensional measures of child poverty. Bristol: Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research.
Gordon, D., Nandy, S., Pantazis, C., Pemberton, S., & Townsend, P. (2003b). Child poverty in the develo** world. Bristol: The policy press.
Instituto Nacional de Estatística (2011). Inquérito Integrado sobre o Bem-Estar da População- IBEP. Relatório Analítico- Vol 1. Luanda: Instituto Nacional de Estatística.
Instituto Nacional de Estatistica (INE) (2013). Inquérito Integrado sobre o Bem-Estar da População, IBEP Relatório Analítico. Perfil da Pobreza. (Vol. 3). Luanda: Instituto Nacional de Estatistica (INE).
International Labour Organization (ILO), & International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) (2013). Marking progress against child labour. Global estimates and trends 2000–2012. Geneva: International Labour Organization (ILO).
Justino, P. (2010). War and poverty. Households in conflict network working paper 81, The Institute of Development Studies.
Kempe Ronald Sr., H. (2005). Child survival, poverty, and labor in Africa. Journal of Children and Poverty, 11(1), 19–42. doi:10.1080/1079612042000333036.
Kuper, H., Monteath-van Dok, A., Wing, K., Danquah, L., Evans, J., Zuurmond, M., et al. (2014). The impact of disability on the lives of children; cross-sectional data including 8,900 children with disabilities and 898,834 children without disabilities across 30 countries. PloS One, 9(9), e107300. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107300.
Kvale, S. (2007). Doing interviews. London: Sage.
Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
Milliano, M. d., & Handa, S. (2014). Child poverty and deprivation in Mali. New York: UNICEF.
Ministério do Planeamento (2004). Estratégia de Combate à Pobreza Reinserção Social, Reabilitação e Reconstrução e Estabilização Económica. Luanda: Ministério do Planeamento.
Minu**, A., & Nandy, S. (Eds.). (2012). Global child poverty and well-being. Measurement, concepts, policy and action. Bristol: The Policy Press.
Oliveira, S. d. (2012). Olhar a pobreza em Angola: causas, consequências e estratégias para a sua erradicação. Ciências Sociais Unisinos, 48(1), 29–40.
Oxford Poverty and Human Initiative (OPHI). (2011). Country briefing: Angola. Multidimensional poverty index (MPI) at a glance. Oxford: OPHI.
Roche, J. M. (2013). Monitoring progress in child poverty reduction: Methodological insights and illustration to the case study of Bangladesh. OPHI Working Paper N. 57.
Rodrigues, C. U. (2012). Pobreza em Angola: efeito da guerra, efeitos da paz. Revista Angolana de Sociologia, 9, 113–123.
Roelen, K. (2014). Multidimensional child poverty in Vietnam from a longitudinal perspective—Improved lives or impoverished conditions? Child Indicators Research, 7(3), 487–516. doi:10.1007/s12187-013-9221-7.
Roelen, K., & Camfield, L. (2013). A mixed-method taxonomy of child poverty – The case of Ethiopia. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 8(3), 319–337. doi:10.1007/s11482-012-9195-5.
Roelen, K., & Gassmann, F. (2008). Measuring child poverty and well-being: A literature review. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MGSoG/2008/WP001.
Rowley, J. (2012). Conducting research interviews. Management Research Review, 35(3/4), 260–271.
Simons, H. (2009). Case study: Research in practice. London: Sage.
Stiglitz, J., Amartya, S., & Fitoussi, J.-P. (2009). Report by the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress [online]. Available: Commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/en/index.htm. Accessed 25 Apr 2017.
Trani, J.-F., Biggeri, M., & Mauro, V. (2013). The multidimensionality of child poverty: Evidence from Afghanistan. Social Indicators Research, 112(2), 391–416. doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0253-7.
Tsegaye, S. (2009). Child poverty in Africa: An overview. Addis Ababa: ACPF.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (1992). State of the world’s children 1992. New York: UNICEF.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (1997). State of the world’s children 1997. New York: UNICEF.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2005). The state of the World’s children 2005: Childhood under threat. New York: UNICEF.
United Nations for Development Programme (UNDP) (2015). Human development report 2015: Work for human development. New York: United Nations for Development Programme (UNDP).
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) (2006). Promotion and protection of the rights of children: Report of the third committee. New York: United Nations.
Yin, R. (1989). Case study research: Design and methods. Newbury Park: Sage.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
K | Total | Urban | Rural | Female | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headcount | Intensity | Adjusted headcount | Headcount | Intensity | Adjusted headcount | Headcount | Intensity | Adjusted headcount | Headcount | Intensity | Adjusted headcount | |
10 | 0.97 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.94 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.99 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.96 | 0.33 | 0.32 |
20 | 0.78 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.64 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.93 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.77 | 0.38 | 0.29 |
30 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.17 | 0.77 | 0.43 | 0.33 | 0.58 | 0.43 | 0.25 |
40 | 0.33 | 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 0.10 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.50 | 0.17 |
50 | 0.19 | 0.55 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.57 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.55 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.55 | 0.11 |
60 | 0.05 | 0.67 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.66 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.68 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.67 | 0.04 |
70 | 0.01 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.88 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.81 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.00 |
80 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.90 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.85 | 0.00 |
90 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.00 |
Source: Author’s estimations using IBEP 2008-2009
Male | Disability | No disability | |||||||
Headcount | Intensity | Adjusted headcount | Headcount | Intensity | Adjusted headcount | Headcount | Intensity | Adjusted headcount | |
K | 0.97 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.98 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.97 | 0.33 | 0.32 |
10 | 0.78 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.80 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.78 | 0.38 | 0.29 |
20 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.68 | 0.46 | 0.31 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 0.25 |
30 | 0.33 | 0.50 | 0.16 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.24 | 0.33 | 0.50 | 0.17 |
40 | 0.19 | 0.55 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.56 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.55 | 0.11 |
50 | 0.05 | 0.67 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.66 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.67 | 0.04 |
60 | 0.00 | 0.81 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.80 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.82 | 0.00 |
70 | 0.00 | 0.83 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.80 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 0.00 |
80 | 0.00 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.00 | |
90 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
Source: Author’s estimations using IBEP 2008-2009
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pinilla-Roncancio, M., Silva, R. Children in Angola: Poverty, Deprivation and Child Labour. Child Ind Res 11, 981–1005 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9471-x
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9471-x