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Development of Heat-Induced Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for Extraction and Preconcentration of Neonicotinoid Insecticides from Fruit Juice and Vegetable Samples

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Abstract

In this paper, a new version of liquid–liquid microextraction based on heat-induced homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction has been developed for the extraction and preconcentration of some neonicotinoid insecticides from fruit juice and vegetable samples followed by their determination by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection. In this method, cyclohexyl amine is dissolved in an aqueous solution thermostated at 0 °C. Then, the solution is transferred into a heated water bath. During heating, the solubility of cyclohexyl amine in water is decreased and the produced tiny droplets of the extraction solvent (cyclohexyl amine) are dispersed in whole parts of the solution. The obtained cloudy solution is centrifuged. Finally, an aliquot of the extractant is taken and injected into the separation system for analysis. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as volume of extraction solvent, temperature, salt addition, and centrifuging rate and time were evaluated. Under the optimum conditions, enrichment factors were obtained in the range of 180–235. The linear ranges of the calibration curves were wide. Limits of detection were in the ranges of 0.38–1.31 and 0.19–0.69 ng mL−1, in vegetable samples and fruit juices, respectively. Limits of quantification were in the ranges of 1.23–4.09 and 0.64–1.15 ng mL−1 in the mentioned samples. Finally, the proposed method was applied to analyze the target analytes in different fruit juice and vegetable samples.

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Abbreviations

AALLME:

Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction

DES:

Deep eutectic solvent

DLLME:

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

HF–LPME:

Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction

IL:

Ionic liquid

LLE:

Liquid–liquid extraction

SPE:

Solid phase extraction

SDME:

Single drop microextraction

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Acknowledgments

Authors are grateful to the Research Council of the University of Tabriz for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Mir Ali Farajzadeh & Ali Shahedi Hojaghan

  2. Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Mersin 10, North Cyprus, Turkey

    Mir Ali Farajzadeh

  3. Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

Authors
  1. Mir Ali Farajzadeh
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  2. Ali Shahedi Hojaghan
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  3. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
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Correspondence to Mir Ali Farajzadeh.

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Funding

Mir Ali Farajzadeh has received research grants from University of Tabriz.

Conflict of Interest

Mir Ali Farajzadeh declares that he has no conflict of interest. Ali Shahedi Hojaghan declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

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Farajzadeh, M.A., Hojaghan, A.S. & Afshar Mogaddam, M.R. Development of Heat-Induced Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for Extraction and Preconcentration of Neonicotinoid Insecticides from Fruit Juice and Vegetable Samples. Food Anal. Methods 10, 3738–3746 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-0942-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-0942-y

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