Abstract
In the original theory for the solar wind, the electron pressure gradient was the principal accelerating force. This was soon recognized to be insufficient to drive the high-speed streams. Subsequently, the discovery of Alfvén waves in the solar wind led to a long series of models in which wave pressure provided additional acceleration, but these wavedriven models ultimately failed to explain the rapid acceleration of the fast wind close to the Sun. An alternate view was that the pressure of hot protons close to the Sun could explain the rapid acceleration, with the proton heating coming from the cyclotron resonance. SOHO has provided remarkable data which have verified some of the predictions of this view, and given impetus to ongoing studies of the ion-cyclotron resonance in the fast wind. After a historical review, we discuss the basic ideas behind current research, emphasizing the importance of particle kinetics. We conclude with some guesses as to how work might proceed in the future.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alazraki, G., Couturier, P. 1971, A&A, 13, 380.
Andreev, V. E., Efimov, A. I., Samoznaev, L. N., Chashei, I. V., Bird, M. K. 1997, Solar Phys., 176, 387.
Antonucci, E., Dodero, M. A., Giordano, S. 2000, Solar Phys., 197, 115.
Axford, W. I., McKenzie, J. F. 1992, In: Solar Wind Seven (eds) Marsch, E., Schwenn, R., Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 1.
Axford, W. I., McKenzie, J. F. 1996, In: Solar Wind Eight (eds) Winterhalter, D., Gosling, J. T., Habbal, S. R., Kurth, W. S., Neugebauer, M., AIP, New York, p. 72.
Bale, S. D., Kellogg, P. J., Mozer, F. S., Horbury, T. S., Reme, H. 2005, Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 5002.
Barnes, A. 1979, In: Solar System Plasma Physics, Vol. 1 (eds) Parker, E. N., Kennel, C. F., Lanzerotti, L. J., North-Holland, Dordrecht, p. 249.
Belcher, J. W. 1971, ApJ, 168, 509.
Belcher, J. W., Davis, L. Jr. 1971, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3534.
Breech, B., Matthaeus, W. H., Minnie, J., Oughton, S., Parhi, S., Bieber, J. W., Bavassano, B. 2005, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06103, doi: 10.1029/2004GL022321.
Bretherton, F. P., Garrett, C. J. R. 1969, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 302, 529.
Cerdeña, D., Sánchez Almeida, J., Kneer, F. 2006, Astrophys. J., 646, 1421.
Chashei, I. V., Bird, M. K., Efimov, A. I., Andreev, V. E. Samoznaev, L. N. 1999, Solar Phys., 189, 399.
Chandran, B. D. G. 2005, Phys. Rev. Lett., 95, 5004.
Chen, Y. P., Zhou, G. C. 2003, Solar Phys., 215, 57.
Close, R. M., Parnell, C. E., Longcope, D. W., Priest, E. R. 2004, ApJ, 612, L81.
Close, R. M., Parnell, C. E., Longcope, D. W., Priest, E. R. 2005, Solar Phys., 231, 45.
Coleman, P. J. Jr. 1968, ApJ, 153, 371.
Coles, W. A., Harmon, J. K. 1989, ApJ, 337, 1023.
Cranmer, S. R. 2002, Space Sci. Revs., 101, 229.
Cranmer, S. R. 2004, In: Proceedings of the SOHO 15 Workshop — Coronal Heating (eds) Walsh, R. W., Ireland, J., Danesy, D., Fleck, B., European Space Agency, Paris, p. 154.
Cranmer, S. R. 2005, In: Proc. Solar Wind 11/Cospar 16 (ESA SP-592) (eds) Fleck, B., Zurbuchen, T. H., Lacoste, H., European Space Agency, Noordwijk, p. 159.
Cranmer, S. R., van Ballegooijen, A. A. 2003, ApJ, 594, 573.
Cranmer, S. R., van Ballegooijen, A. A. 2005, ApJS, 156, 265.
Cranmer, S. R., van Ballegooijen, A. A., Edgar, R. J. 2007, ApJS, 171, 520.
Czechowski, A., Ratkiewicz, R., McKenzie, J. F., Axford, W. I. 1998, A&A, 335, 303.
Dasso, S., Milano, L. J., Matthaeus, W. H., Smith, C. W. 2005, ApJ, 635, L181.
Dewar, R. L. 1970, Phys. Fluids, 13, 2710.
Dmitruk, P., Milano, L. J., Matthaeus, W. H. 2001, ApJ, 548, 482.
Dmitruk, P., Matthaeus, W. H., Milano, L. J., Oughton, S., Zank, G. P., Mullan, D. J. 2002, ApJ, 575, 571.
Dmitruk, P., Matthaeus, W. H. 2003, ApJ, 597, 1097.
Dodero, M. A., Antonucci, E., Giordano, S., Martin, R. 1998, Solar Phys., 183, 77.
Dusenbery, P. B., Hollweg, J. V. 1981, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 153.
Einaudi, G., Boncinelli, P., Dahlburg, R. B., Karpen, J. T. 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 521.
Erdös, G. 2003, In: Turbulence, Waves and Instabilities in the Solar Plasma (eds) Erdélyi, R., Petrovay, K., Roberts, B., Aschwanden, M. J., Kluwer, Dordrecht, p. 367.
Esser, R., Habbal, S. R. 1995, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2661.
Esser, R., Habbal, S. R. 1996, In: Solar Wind Eight (eds) Winterhalter, D., Gosling, J., Habbal, S. R., Kurth, W. S., Neugebauer, M., AIP, New York, p. 133.
Esser, R., Habbal, S. R., Coles, W. A., Hollweg, J. V. 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 7063.
Esser, R., Fineschi, S., Dobrzycka, D., Habbal, S. R., Edgar, R. J., Raymond, J. C., Kohl, J. L., Guhathakurta, M. 1999, ApJ, 510, L63.
Feldman, W. C., Asbridge, J. R., Bame, S. J., Gosling, J. T. 1976, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 5054.
Fisher, R., Guhathakurta, M. 1995, ApJ, 447, L139.
Fisk, L. A. 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A4), 1157, doi: 10.1029/2002JA009284.
Fisk, L. A., Schwadron, N. A. 2001, Space Sci. Revs., 97, 21.
Galinsky, V. L., Shevchenko, V. I. 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett., 85(1), 90.
Gary, S. P., Saito, S. 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A5), doi: 10.1029/2002JA009824.
Gloeckler, G., Zurbuchen, T. H., Geiss, J. 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A4), 1158, doi: 10.1029/2002JA009286.
Guhathakurta, M., Holzer, T. E. 1994, ApJ, 426, 782.
Guhathakurta, M., Fisher, R. 1998, ApJ, 499, L215.
Hansteen, V. H., Leer, E. 1995, J. Geophys. Res., 10021, 577.
Harmon, J. K., Coles, W. A. 2005, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A03101, doi: 10.1029/2004JA010834.
Hartle, R. E., Sturrock, P. A. 1968, ApJ, 151, 1155.
Hollweg, J. V. 1973, ApJ, 181, 547.
Hollweg, J. V. 1978, Rev. Geophys., 16, 689.
Hollweg, J. V. 1986, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 4111.
Hollweg, J. V. 1990, Computer Phys. Reports, 12, 205.
Hollweg, J. V. 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 14,811.
Hollweg, J. V. 2000a, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15,699.
Hollweg, J. V. 2000b, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7573.
Hollweg, J. V. 2006a, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 364, 505.
Hollweg, J. V. 2006b, In: Recurrent Magnetic Storms: Corotating Solar Wind Streams (eds) Tsurutani, B. T., McPherron, R. L., Gonzalez, W. D., Lu, G., Sobral, J. H. A., Gopalswamy, N., Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington DC, p. 19.
Hollweg, J. V. 2006c, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A12106, doi: 10.1029/2006JA011917.
Hollweg, J. V., Bird, M., Volland, H., Edenhofer, P., Stelzried, C., Seidel, B. 1982, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1.
Hollweg, J. V., Johnson, W. 1988, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9547.
Hollweg, J. V., Isenberg, P. A. 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A7), 1147, doi: 10.1029/2001JA000270.
Isenberg, P. A. 1983, In: Solar Wind Five (ed.) Neugebauer, M., NASA, Washington DC, p. 655.
Isenberg, P. A. 1990, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 6437.
Isenberg, P. A. 2001a, Space Sci. Revs., 95, 119.
Isenberg, P. A. 2001b, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 29,249.
Isenberg, P. A. 2004a, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A03101, doi: 10.1029/2002JA009449.
Isenberg, P. A. 2004b, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A06106, doi: 10.1029/2004JA010524.
Isenberg, P. A., Lee, M. A., Hollweg, J. V. 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5649.
Isenberg, P. A., Smith, C. W., Matthaeus, W. H. 2003, ApJ, 592, 564.
Isenberg, P. A., Vasquez, B. J. 2006, In: Proceedings SOHO 17 ESA SP-617 (ed.) Lacoste, H., European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Poster 87.
Jacques, S. A. 1977, ApJ, 215, 942.
Kaghashvili, E. K., Vasquez, B. J., Hollweg, J. V. 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A1), 1036, doi: 10.1029/2002JA009623.
Kohl, J. L. et al. 1998, ApJ, 501, L127.
Lapenta, G., Knoll, D. A. 2005, ApJ, 624, 1049.
Leamon, R. J., Matthaeus, W. H., Smith, C. W., Wong, H. K. 1998a, ApJ, 507, L181.
Leamon, R. J., Smith, C. W., Ness, N. F., Matthaeus, W. H., Wong, H. K. 1998b, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 4775.
Leamon, R. J., Smith, C. W., Ness, N. F., Wong H. K. 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22,331.
Leamon, R. J., Matthaeus, W. H., Smith, C. W., Zank, G. P., Mullan, D. J., Oughton, S. 2000, ApJ, 537, 1054.
Li, B., Li, X., Hu, Y.-Q., Habbal, S. R. 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A07103, doi: 10.1029/2003JA010313.
Li, X. 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 19,773.
Li, X. 2002, ApJ, 571, L67.
Li, X., Habbal, S. R. 1999, Solar Phys., 190, 485.
Li, X., Habbal, S. R., Hollweg, J. V., Esser, R. 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2521.
Lie-Svendsen, Ø., Leer, E., Hansteen, V.H. 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 8217.
Lites, B. W., Socas-Navarro, H. 2004, ApJ, 613, 600.
Livi, S. H. B., Wang, J., Martin, S. F. 1985, Aust. J. Phys., 38, 855.
Mancuso, S., Spangler, S. R. 1999, ApJ, 525, 195.
Markovskii, S. A. 2001, ApJ, 557, 337.
Markovskii, S. A., Hollweg, J. V. 2002a, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A10), 1329, doi: 10.1029/2001JA009140.
Markovskii, S. A., Hollweg, J. V. 2002b, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1843, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015189.
Markovskii, S. A., Hollweg, J. V. 2004a, ApJ, 609, 1112.
Markovskii, S. A., Hollweg, J. V. 2004b, Nonlinear Proc. Geophys., 11, 485.
Markovskii, S. A., Vasquez, B. J., Smith, C. W., Hollweg, J. V. 2006, ApJ, 639, 1177.
Marsch, E. 1991, In: Physics of the Inner Heliosphere, 2, Particles, Waves and Turbulence (eds) Schwenn, R., Marsch, E., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 45.
Marsch, E., Tu, C.-Y. 1990, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 8211.
Marsch, E., Tu, C.-Y. 1997, A&A, 319, L17.
Marsch, E., Tu, C.-Y. 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 8357.
Martin, S. F., Livi, S. H. B., Wang, J. 1985, Aust. J. Phys., 38, 929.
Matthaeus, W. H., Zank, G. P., Oughton, S., Mullan, D. J., Dmitruk, P. 1999, ApJ, 523, L93.
Matthaeus, W. H., Dmitruk, P., Oughton, S., Mullan, D. J. 2003, In: Solar Wind Ten (eds) Velli, M., Bruno, R., Malara, F., Amer. Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, p. 427.
Matthaeus, W. H., Minnie, J., Breech, B., Parhi, S., Bieber, J. W., Oughton, S. 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12803, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019645.
McKenzie, J. F., Banaszkiewicz, M., Axford, W. I. 1995, A&A, 303, 45.
McKenzie, J. F., Axford, W. I., Banaszkiewicz, M. 1997, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2877.
Milano, L. J., Matthaeus, W. H., Dmitruk, P., Montgomery, D. C. 2001, Phys. Plasmas, 8, 2673.
Miralles, M. P., Cranmer, S. R., Kohl, J. L. 2002, In: Proc. SOHO 11 Symposium ESA SP-508 (ed.) Wilson, A., European Space Agency, Noordwijk, p. 351.
Miralles, M. P., Cranmer, S. R., Kohl, J. L. 2004, Adv. Sp. Res., 33, 696.
Moran, T. G. 2003, ApJ, 598, 657.
Neugebauer, M. 1981, In: Solar Wind Four (ed.) Rosenbauer, H., Max Planck Institut für Aeronomie, Katlenburg-Lindau, p. 425.
Neugebauer, M. 1992, In: Solar Wind Seven (eds) Marsch, E., Schwenn, R., Pergamon, Oxford, p. 69.
Ng, C. S., Bhattacharjee, A. 1996, ApJ, 465, 845.
Oughton, S., Dmitruk, P., Matthaeus, W. H. 2004, Phys. Plasmas, 11, 2214.
Parker, E. N. 1958, ApJ, 128, 664.
Parker, E. N. 1965, Space Sci. Revs., 4, 666.
Peter, H., Vocks, C. 2003, A&A, 411, L481.
Ruzmaikin, A., Berger, M. A. 1998, A&A, 337, L9.
Ruzmaikin, A. et al. 1997, In: Fifth SOHO Workshop: The Corona and Solar Wind Near Minimum Activity ESA SP-404 (ed.) Wilson, A., European Space Agency, Noordwijk, p. 653.
Ryutova, M., Tarbell, T., Shine, R. 2003, Solar Phys., 213, 231.
Schwadron, N. A., McComas, D. J. 2003, ApJ, 599, 1395.
Schwartz, S. J., Feldman, W. C., Gary, S. P. 1981, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 541.
Shebalin, J. V., Matthaeus, W. H., Montgomery, D. 1983, J. Plasma Phys., 29, 525.
Smith, R. L., Brice, N. 1964, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 5029.
Spangler, S. R. 2002, Nonlinear Proc. Geophys., 10, 113.
Terasawa, T. 1989, In: Plasma Waves and Instabilities at Comets and in Magnetospheres (eds) Tsurutani, B. T., Oya, H., Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington DC, p. 41.
Tsurutani, B. T., et al. 1994, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2267.
Tsurutani, B. T., Lakhina, G. S. 1997, Rev. Geophys., 35, 491.
Tu, C.-Y., Marsch, E. 1994, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 21,481.
Tu, C.-Y., Marsch, E. 1995, Space Sci. Rev., 73, 1.
Tu, C.-Y., Marsch, E. 1997, Solar Phys., 171, 363.
Tu, C.-Y., Marsch, E., Wilhelm, K., Curdt, W. 1998, ApJ, 503, 475.
Ulrich, R. K. 1996, ApJ, 465, 436.
Vasquez, B. J., Hollweg, J. V. 1996a, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 13,527.
Vasquez, B. J., Hollweg, J. V. 1996b, In: Solar Wind Eight (eds) Winterhalter, D., Gosling, J., Habbal, S. R., Kurth, W. S., Neugebauer, M., AIP, New York, p. 331.
Vasquez, B. J., Hollweg, J. V. 1998, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 335.
Vasquez, B. J., Hollweg, J. V. 1999a, In: Solar Wind Nine (eds) Habbal, S. R., Esser, R., Hollweg, J. V., Isenberg, P. A., AIP, Woodbury, New York, p. 167.
Vasquez, B. J., Hollweg, J. V. 1999b, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 4681.
Vásquez, A. M., van Ballegooijen, A. A., Raymond, J. C. 2003, ApJ, 598, 1361.
Vasquez, B. J., Markovskii, S. A., Hollweg, J. V. 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A05104, doi: 10.1029/2003JA010106.
Viñas, A., Wong, H. K., Klimas, A. J. 2000, ApJ, 528, 509.
Voitenko, Y., Goossens, M. 2002a, Solar Phys., 206, 285.
Voitenko, Y., Goossens, M. 2002b, Solar Phys., 209, 37.
Voitenko, Y., Goossens, M. 2003, Space Sci. Revs., 107, 387.
Voitenko, Y., Goossens, M. 2004, ApJ, 605, L149.
Voitenko, Y., Goossens, M. 2005, Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 5003.
Wang, Y.-M., Sheeley, N. R., Socker, D. G., Howard, R. A., Rich, N. B. 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 25,133.
Wu, D. J., Yang, L. 2007, Astrophys. J., 659, 1693.
Yamauchi, Y., Tokumaru, M., Kojima, M., Manoharan, P. K., Esser, R. 1998, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6571.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hollweg, J.V. The solar wind: Our current understanding and how we got here. J Astrophys Astron 29, 217–237 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-008-0028-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-008-0028-8