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Tree Seed and Seedling Supply Systems: A Review of the Asia, Africa and Latin America Models

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Abstract

The paper reviews tree seed and seedling supply systems in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America. Across these regions, the review found that some of the germplasm supply systems do not efficiently meet farmers’ demands and environmental expectations in terms of productivity, species and genetic diversity. In some countries, germplasm used is mostly sourced from undocumented sources and often untested. Germplasm quality control systems are only found in a few countries. Appreciation of the value of tree germplasm of high genetic quality is low. Non-government organisations (NGOs) in many African countries play a prominent role in the supply of germplasm which is usually given to farmers without charge. The practice of giving farmers free germplasm by NGOs in many African countries and also government participation in germplasm supply in some Asian countries has been blamed for crowding out private entrepreneurs, although this is not substantiated by any evidence to suggest that the smallholder farmers are willing and able to pay for the germplasm. In some Latin American countries, private companies, government and NGOs provide farmers tree germplasm in a partnership in which farmers provide land and labour in return. Overall, tree germplasm markets are large in Asia, due in part to large afforestation programs, intermediate in Latin America and small in Africa where smallholder farmers constitute the market. In countries where germplasm quality control is practiced, it is either through a legal framework or voluntary. A few countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America have developed protocols for certification of tree seeds based on the OECD. Some germplasm suppliers use branding as a way of differentiating their germplasm as having superior quality. To enhance the use of high quality germplasm, there is a need to demonstrate the value of using such germplasm and raise awareness of germplasm quality among the farmers and policy-makers.

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Notes

  1. Seed replacement rate is the frequency of seed acquisition by farmers from external sources.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-Southern Africa Programme, P. O. Box 30798, Lilongwe, Malawi

    Betserai I. Nyoka

  2. Winrock International and ICRAF-South East Asia, P. O. Box 161, Bogor, 16001, Indonesia

    James Roshetko

  3. World Agroforestry Centre, P. O. Box 30677-00100, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya

    Ramni Jamnadass & Jonathan Muriuki

  4. ICRAF-West and Central Africa (ICRAF-WCA/Sahel), B.P.E 5118, Bamako, Mali

    Antoine Kalinganire

  5. Forest and Landscape Denmark, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

    Jens-Peter B. Lillesø

  6. Formerly with World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-Southern Africa Programme, P. O. Box 30798, Lilongwe, Malawi

    Tracy Beedy

  7. ICRAF-Latin America, Peru Country Office CIP-ICRAF, P. O. Box 1558, Lima 12, Peru

    Jonathan Cornelius

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  1. Betserai I. Nyoka
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Nyoka, B.I., Roshetko, J., Jamnadass, R. et al. Tree Seed and Seedling Supply Systems: A Review of the Asia, Africa and Latin America Models. Small-scale Forestry 14, 171–191 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-014-9280-8

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