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Dietary n-3 HUFA Affects Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Capacity and Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress in Atlantic Salmon

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Lipids

Abstract

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (90 g) were fed four different diets for 21 weeks (final weight 344 g). The levels of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) ranged from 11% of the total fatty acids (FA) in the low n-3 diet to 21% in the intermediate n-3 diet, to 55 and 58% in the high n-3 diets. The high n-3 diets were enriched with either docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Increasing dietary levels of n-3 HUFA led to increasing percentages (from 31 to 52%) of these FA in liver lipids. The group fed the highest level of DHA had higher expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β and the FA β-oxidation genes acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-II, compared to the low n-3 groups. The high n-3 groups had reduced activity of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and β-oxidation capacity, together with increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and caspase-3 activities. In the group fed the highest level of n-3 HUFA, decreased percentages of major phospholipids (PL) in the mitochondrial and microsomal membranes of the liver were also apparent. The percentage of mitochondrial cardiolipin (Ptd2Gro) was 3.1 in the highest n-3 group compared to 6.6 in the intermediate group. These data clearly show an increased incidence of oxidative stress in the liver of fish fed the high n-3 diets.

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Abbreviations

ACO:

Acyl-CoA oxidase

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

CoA:

Coenzyme A

CPT:

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

EDTA:

Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid

EF1-αβ :

Elongation factor 1-α beta isoform

EGTA:

Ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid

EPA:

Eicosapentanoic acid

FA:

Fatty acid

FAD:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

FO:

Fish oil

HPTLC:

High-performance thin-layer chromatography

HUFA:

Highly unsaturated fatty acid

L-15:

Leibowitz-15 medium

NAD:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

PL:

Phospholipid

PPAR:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

PtdCho:

Phosphatidyl-choline

PtdEtn:

Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine

Ptd2Gro:

Cardiolipin

PtdIns:

Phosphatidyl-inositol

RO:

Rapeseed oil

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TAG:

Triacylglycerol

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Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Inger Ø. Kristiansen and Målfrid T. Bjerke (Nofima) for skillful technical assistance. This work was carried out with support from the Norwegian Research Council.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nofima, NO-1432, Ås, Norway

    M. A. Kjær, M. Todorčević, A. Vegusdal & B. Ruyter

  2. Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway

    M. A. Kjær & M. Todorčević

  3. NIFES, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5817, Bergen, Norway

    B. E. Torstensen

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  1. M. A. Kjær
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  2. M. Todorčević
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  3. B. E. Torstensen
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  4. A. Vegusdal
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Correspondence to M. A. Kjær.

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Kjær, M.A., Todorčević, M., Torstensen, B.E. et al. Dietary n-3 HUFA Affects Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Capacity and Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress in Atlantic Salmon. Lipids 43, 813–827 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-008-3208-z

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