Abstract
In cold spray, innovative coating process, powder particles are accelerated by a supersonic gas flow above a certain critical velocity. Particles adhesion onto the substrate is influenced by particle impact velocity, which can change dramatically depending on particle position from the core of the jet. In the present work, an original experimental set-up was designed to discriminate the particles as a function of the levels of velocity to investigate the influence of this parameter on adhesion. Particles at given positions could therefore be observed using scanning electron microscope, which showed different morphologies as a function of impact velocity. High pressure and temperature at the interface during impact were calculated from numerical simulations using ABAQUS®. Transmission electron microscope analyses of thin foils were carried out to investigate into resulting local interface phenomena. These were correlated to particle impact velocity and corresponding adhesion strength which was obtained from LAser Shock Adhesion Test.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig4_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig5_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig6_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig7_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig8_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig9_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig10_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig11_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig12_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig13_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig14_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig15_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9327-0/MediaObjects/11666_2009_9327_Fig16_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
F. Gartner, T. Stoltenhoff, T. Schmidt, H. Kreye, The cold spray process and its potential for industrial applications, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, 2006, 15(2), pp 223-232, in English.
C.-J. Li, G.-J. Yang, C.-X. Li, H.S. Bang, and W.-Y. Li, Examination of the Estimating Approaches for the Critical Velocity in Cold Spraying, Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference, May 14-16, 2007 (Bei**g, China), DVS Deutscher Verband für Schweißen, 2007, 123, p 128-134
F. Raletz, M. Vardelle, G. Ezo’o, Critical particle velocity under cold spray conditions, Surface & Coatings Technology, 2006, 201, pp 1942-1947, in English.
J. Pattison, S. Celotto, A. Khan, W. O’Neill, Standoff distance and bow shock phenomena in the Cold Spray process Surface & Coatings technology 2008, 202 (8), pp 1443-1454, in English.
C. Donaldson, R.S. Snedeker, A study of free jet im**ement, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1971, 45, pp 281-319, in English.
M.F. Smith, J.E. Brockmann, R.C. Dykhuizen, D.L. Gilmore, R.A. Neiser, and T.J. Roemer, Cold Spray Direct Fabrication–High Rate Solid State, Material Consolidation, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1999, 542, p 65-76 (in English)
J. Voyer, T. Stoltenhoff, and H. Kreye, Development of Cold Gas Sprayed Coatings, Thermal Spray 2003: Advancing the Science and Applying the Technology, B.R. Marple and C. Moreau, Ed., May 5-8, 2003 (Orlando, FL), ASM International, 2003, p 71-78
R.C. Dykhuizen and R.A. Neiser, Optimising of the Cold Spray Process, Thermal Spray 2003: Advancing the Science and Applying the Technology, B.R. Marple and C. Moreau, Ed., May 5-8, 2003 (Orlando, FL), ASM International, 2003, p 19-26
J. Wu, H. Fang, S. Yoon, H. Kim, C. Lee, Measurement of particle velocity and characterization of deposition in aluminum alloy kinetic spraying process, Applied surface science, 2005, 252 (5), pp 1368-1377, in English.
S. Barradas, R. Molins, V. Guipont, M. Jeandin, M. Arrigoni, M. Boustie, C. Bolis, L. Berthe, and M. Ducos, Laser Shock Flier Impact Simulation of Particle-Substrate Interactions in Cold Spray, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2007, 16(4), p 463-602, 548-556 (in English)
S. Barradas, F. Borit, V. Guipont, M. Jeandin, C. Bolis, M. Boustie, and L. Berthe, Laser Shock Flier Impact Simulation of Particle-Substrate Interactions in Cold Spray, International Thermal Spray Conference, E. Lugscheider and C.C. Berndt, Ed., March 4-6, 2002 (Essen, Germany), DVS Deutscher Verband für Schweißen, 2002, p 592-597
ABAQUS 6.5-1. User manual. Hibbitt, Karlsson & Soerensen. Pawtucket (RI), 2005
H. Assadi, F. Gärtner, T. Stoltenhoff, H. Kreye, Bonding mechanism in cold gas spraying, Acta Materialia 2003, 51 (13), pp 4379-4394, in English.
G.R. Johnson and W.H. Cook, Fracture characteristics of three metals subjected to various strains, strain rates, temperatures and pressures, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1993, 155, pp 165-197, in English.
M. Boustie, J.P. Cuq-Lelandais, C. Bolis, L. Berthe, S. Barradas, M. Arrigoni, T. de Resseguier and M. Jeandin, Study of damage phenomena induced by edge effects into materials under laser driven shocks, Journal of Physics - Applied Physics, 2007, 40, pp 7103-7108, in English.
M. Boustie, E. Auroux, J.P. Romain, Application of the laser spallation technique to the measurement of the adhesion strength of tungsten carbide coatings on superalloy substrates, European Physical Journal – Applied Physics, 2000, 12 (1), pp 47-53, in English.
S. Barradas, R. Molins, M. Jeandin, M. Arrigoni, M. Boustie, C. Bolis, L. Berthe, M. Ducos, Application of laser shock adhesion testing to the study of the interlamellar strength and coating–substrate adhesion in cold-sprayed copper coating of aluminum, Surface & Coatings Technology 2005, 197 (1), pp 18-27, in English.
C. Bolis, L. Berthe, M. Boustie et al., Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, M.D. Furnish, Y.M. Gupta, and J.W. Forbes, Ed., July 20-25, 2003 (Portland, OR, USA), p 1373-1376
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by ADEME “Agence De l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie” and EGIDE within a “Sakura” program. The authors thank Mr. R. Aron from ADEME for helpful discussion and financial support. Many thanks also to Mr. K. Sakaguchi and Dr. Miyazaki from University of Tohoku–RIFT/Japan, for help in FIB.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guetta, S., Berger, M.H., Borit, F. et al. Influence of Particle Velocity on Adhesion of Cold-Sprayed Splats. J Therm Spray Tech 18, 331–342 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-009-9327-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-009-9327-0