SpringerLink
Log in

Residual Stress Measurement and Calibration for A7N01 Aluminum Alloy Welded Joints by Using Longitudinal Critically Refracted (LCR) Wave Transmission Method

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Residual stress measurement and control are highly important for the safety of structures of high-speed trains, which is critical for the structure design. The longitudinal critically refracted wave technology is the most widely used method in measuring residual stress with ultrasonic method, but its accuracy is strongly related to the test parameters, namely the flight time at the free-stress condition (t 0), stress coefficient (K), and initial stress (σ0) of the measured materials. The difference of microstructure in the weld zone, heat affected zone, and base metal (BM) results in the divergence of experimental parameters. However, the majority of researchers use the BM parameters to determine the residual stress in other zones and ignore the initial stress (σ0) in calibration samples. Therefore, the measured residual stress in different zones is often high in errors and may result in the miscalculation of the safe design of important structures. A serious problem in the ultrasonic estimation of residual stresses requires separation between the microstructure and the acoustoelastic effects. In this paper, the effects of initial stress and microstructure on stress coefficient K and flight time t 0 at free-stress conditions have been studied. The residual stress with or without different corrections was investigated. The results indicated that the residual stresses obtained with correction are more accurate for structure design.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price includes VAT (France)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R. Unnikrishnan, K.S. Idury, T. Ismail, A. Bhadauria, S. Shekhawat, R.K. Khatirkar, and S.G. Sapate, Effect of Heat Input on the Microstructure, Residual Stresses and Corrosion Resistance of 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments, Mater. Charact., 2014, 93, p 10–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. L. Basatskaia and I. Ermolov, Theoretical Study of Ultrasonic Longitudinal Subsurface Waves in Solid Media, Sov. J. Nondestruct. Test., 1981, 16, p 524–530

    Google Scholar 

  3. W. Baldwin, Jr., Residual Stress, Met. Prog., 1955, 68, p 89–96

    Google Scholar 

  4. Y. **e, Y. Wu, J. Burns, and J. Zhang, Characterization of Stress Corrosion Cracks in Ni-Based Weld Alloys 52, 52M and 152 Grown in High-Temperature Water, Mater. Charact., 2016, 112, p 87–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Marques, A. Ramasamy, A. Batista, J. Nobre, and A. Loureiro, Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Residual Stress Fields of a Weld Multilayer Austenitic Steel Clad, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 222, p 52–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. G. Gnirss, Vibration and Vibratory Stress Relief. Historical Development, Theory and Practical Application, Weld. World, 1988, 26, p 284–291

    Google Scholar 

  7. G. Gou, M. Zhang, H. Chen, J. Chen, P. Li, and Y. Yang, Effect of Humidity on Porosity, Microstructure, and Fatigue Strength of A7N01S-T5 Aluminum Alloy Welded Joints in High-Speed Trains, Mater. Des., 2015, 85, p 309–317

    Google Scholar 

  8. N. Rossini, M. Dassisti, K. Benyounis, and A. Olabi, Methods of Measuring Residual Stresses in Components, Mater. Des., 2012, 35, p 572–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. P.S. Prevey, X-ray Diffraction Residual Stress Techniques, ASM Int. ASM Handb., 1986, 10, p 380–392

    Google Scholar 

  10. L. Meisner, A. Lotkov, M. Ostapenko, and E.Y. Gudimova, X-ray Diffraction Study of Residual Elastic Stress and Microstructure of Near-Surface Layers in Nickel-Titanium Alloy Irradiated with Low-Energy High-Current Electron Beams, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2013, 280, p 398–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. A.B. Bouda, S. Lebaili, and A. Benchaala, Grain Size Influence on Ultrasonic Velocities and Attenuation, NDT E Int., 2003, 36, p 1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. W.A. Olsson, Grain Size Dependence of Yield Stress in Marble, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 1974, 79, p 4859–4862

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. S.M. Kumaran, Evaluation of Precipitation Reaction in 2024 Al–Cu Alloy Through Ultrasonic Parameters, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528, p 4152–4158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. P. Marie-Aude, E.G. Rachid, J. Moysan, G. Corneloup, and B. Chassignole, Acoustical Characterization of Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds for Experimental and Modeling NDT, J. Adv. Sci., 2005, 17, p 76–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. C.M. Sayers, Ultrasonic Velocities in Anisotropic Polycrystalline Aggregates, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 2000, 15, p 2157–2167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. C.H. Gur and I. Cam, Comparison of Magnetic Barkhausen Noise and Ultrasonic Velocity Measurements for Microstructure Evaluation of SAE 1040 and SAE 4140 Steels, Mater. Charact., 2007, 58, p 447–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Y.H. Nam, Y.I. Kim, and S.H. Nahm, Evaluation of Fracture Appearance Transition Temperature to Forged 3Cr–1Mo–0.25V Steel Using Ultrasonic Characteristics, Mater. Lett., 2006, 60, p 3577–3581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. K. Sawada, T. Hara, M. Tabuchi, K. Kimura, and K. Kubushiro, Microstructure Characterization of Heat Affected Zone After Welding in Mod. 9Cr–1Mo Steel, Mater. Charact., 2015, 101, p 106–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. F. Khodabakhshi, M. Haghshenas, S. Sahraeinejad, J. Chen, B. Shalchi, J. Li, and A. Gerlich, Microstructure-Property Characterization of a Friction-Stir Welded Joint Between AA5059 Aluminum Alloy and High Density Polyethylene, Mater. Charact., 2014, 98, p 73–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. M.M. Amrei, H. Monajati, D. Thibault, Y. Verreman, L. Germain, and P. Bocher, Microstructure Characterization and Hardness Distribution of 13Cr4Ni Multipass Weld Metal, Mater. Charact., 2016, 111, p 128–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. D.M. Egle and D.E. Bray, Measurement of Acoustoelastic and Third-Order Elastic Constants for Rail Steel, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1976, 60, p 741–744

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. D.E. Bray, N. Pathak, and M. Srinivasan, Residual Stress Map** in a Steam Turbine Disk Using the LCR Ultrasonic Technique, Mater. Eval., 1996, 54, p 832–839

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The data in this paper are from a few projects, including (i) Research of the key technologies and equipment for next-generation railway transportation in cities and (ii) Basic research of the design and advanced welding technology for high-speed trains in the wide region environment. The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Science and Technology Pillar Program (No. 2015BAG12B01) and National Key Basic Research and Development Plan (No. 2014CB660807).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China

    Qimeng Zhu, Jia Chen, Guoqing Gou & Hui Chen

  2. Chengdu Industry and Trade College, Chengdu, China

    Jia Chen

  3. CSR Qingdao Sifang Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China

    Peng Li

  4. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, PB 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    W. Gao

Authors
  1. Qimeng Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jia Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Guoqing Gou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hui Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Peng Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. W. Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guoqing Gou.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhu, Q., Chen, J., Gou, G. et al. Residual Stress Measurement and Calibration for A7N01 Aluminum Alloy Welded Joints by Using Longitudinal Critically Refracted (LCR) Wave Transmission Method. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 25, 4181–4189 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2271-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2271-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation