SpringerLink
Log in

Flexural Properties of E Glass and TR50S Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A study on the flexural properties of E glass and TR50S carbon fiber reinforced hybrid composites is presented in this paper. Specimens were made by the hand lay-up process in an intra-ply configuration with varying degrees of glass fibers added to the surface of a carbon laminate. These specimens were then tested in the three-point bend configuration in accordance with ASTM D790-07 at three span-to-depth ratios: 16, 32, and 64. The failure modes were examined under an optical microscope. The flexural behavior was also simulated by finite element analysis, and the flexural modulus, flexural strength, and strain to failure were calculated. It is shown that although span-to-depth ratio shows an influence on the stress-strain relationship, it has no effect on the failure mode. The majority of specimens failed by either in-plane or out-of-plane local buckling followed by kinking and splitting at the compressive GFRP side and matrix cracking combined with fiber breakage at the CFRP tensile face. It is shown that positive hybrid effects exist for the flexural strengths of most of the hybrid configurations. The hybrid effect is noted to be more obvious when the hybrid ratio is small, which may be attributed to the relative position of the GFRP layer(s) with respect to the neutral plane. In contrast to this, flexural modulus seems to obey the rule of mixtures equation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price includes VAT (Canada)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. N. Oya and H. Hamada, Effect of Reinforcing Fibre Properties on Various Mechanical Behaviour of Unidirectional Carbon/Epoxy Laminates, Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater., 1996, 5(3–4), p 105–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. N. Oya and D.J. Johnson, Longitudinal Compressive Behaviour and Microstructure of PAN-Based Carbon Fibres, Carbon, 2001, 39(5), p 635–645

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Shioya and M. Nakatani, Compressive Strengths of Single Carbon Fibres and Composite Strands, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2000, 60(2), p 219–229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sudarisman and I.J. Davies, Flexural Failure of Unidirectional Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites Containing Different Grades of Glass Fibre, Adv. Mater. Res., 2008, 41–42, p 357–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Sudarisman and I.J. Davies, Influence of Compressive Pressure, Vacuum Pressure, and Holding Temperature Applied During Autoclave Curing on the Microstructure of Unidirectional CFRP Composites, Adv. Mater. Res., 2008, 41–42, p 323–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. G. Belingardi, M.P. Cavatorta, and C. Frasca, Bending Fatigue Behavior of Glass-Carbon/Epoxy Hybrid Composites, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2006, 66(2), p 222–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. S. Fischer and G. Marom, The Flexural Behaviour of Aramid Fibre Hybrid Composite Materials, Compos. Sci. Technol., 1987, 28(4), p 291–314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Y. Li, X.J. **an, C.L. Choy, M.L. Guo, and Z.G. Zhang, Compressive and Flexural Behavior of Ultra-High-Modulus Polyethylene Fiber and Carbon Fiber Hybrid Composites, Compos. Sci. Technol., 1999, 59(1), p 13–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. I.R. McColl and J.G. Morley, Crack Growth in Hybrid Fibrous Composites, J. Mater. Sci., 1977, 12(6), p 1165–1175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Sudarisman, I.J. Davies, and H. Hamada, Compressive Failure of Unidirectional Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Containing Carbon and Silicon Carbide Fibres, Compos. A, 2007, 38(3), p 1070–1074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. M.M. Thwe and K. Liao, Durability of Bamboo-Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Hybrid Composites, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2003, 63(3–4), p 375–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. G. Kretsis, A Review on the Tensile, Compressive, Flexural and Shear Properties of Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Plastics, Composites, 1987, 18(1), p 13–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sudarisman and I.J. Davies, The Effects of Processing Parameters on the Flexural Properties of Unidirectional Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Composites, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2008, 498(1–2), p 65–68

    Google Scholar 

  14. C. Dong, H.A. Ranaweera-Jayawardena, and I.J. Davies, Flexural Properties of Hybrid Composites Reinforced by S-2 Glass and T700S Carbon Fibres, Compos. B Eng., 2012, 43(2), p 573–581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. S.-F. Hwang and C.-P. Mao, Failure of Delaminated Interply Hybrid Composite Plates Under Compression, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2001, 61(11), p 1513–1527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. ASTM International, Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials (2007)

  17. S. Deng, L. Ye, and Y. Mai, Influence of Fibre Cross-Sectional Aspect Ratio in Mechanical Properties of Glass-Fibre/Epoxy Composites II. Interlaminar Fracture and Impact Behaviour, Compos. Sci. Technol., 1999, 59(11), p 1725–1734

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. T.-W. Chou, Microstructural Design of Fiber Composites, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992

    Book  Google Scholar 

  19. C.S. Dong, Modeling the Dimensional Variations of Composites Using Effective Coefficients of Thermal Expansion, J. Compos. Mater., 2009, 43(22), p 2639–2652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. C.S. Dong, Modeling the Process-Induced Dimensional Variations of General Curved Composite Components and Assemblies, Compos. A, 2009, 40(8), p 1210–1216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. C. Dong, H.A. Ranaweera-Jayawardena, and I.J. Davies, Flexural Properties of Hybrid Composites Reinforced by S-2 Glass and T700S Carbon Fibres, Composites B, 2012, 43(2), p 573–581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. K.H. Lo and E.S.M. Chim, Compressive Strength of Unidirectional Composites, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 1992, 11(8), p 838–896

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. R.E. Bullock, Strength Ratios of Composite Materials in Flexure and in Tension, J. Compos. Mater., 1974, 8, p 200–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. M.R. Piggott and B. Harris, Compression Strength of Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Plastics, J. Mater. Sci., 1981, 16(3), p 687–693

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. I.M. Daniel, H.M. Hsiao, and S.C. Wooh, Failure Mechanism of Thick Composites Under Compressive Loading, Compos. B, 1996, 27(6), p 543–552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. I.J. Davies and H. Hamada, Flexural Properties of a Hybrid Polymer Matrix Composite Containing Carbon and Silicon Carbide Fibres, Adv. Compos. Mater., 2001, 10(1), p 77–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. S.H. Lee and A.M. Waas, Compressive Response and Failure of Fibre Reinforced Unidirectional Composites, Int. J. Fract., 1999, 100(3), p 275–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Chensong Dong thanks the support from the Curtin Research Fellowship. The authors thank Mr Bradley de San Miguel for carrying out the experiments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia

    Chensong Dong & Ian J. Davies

  2. Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Jalan Lingkar Selatan, Tamantirto, Kasihan, Yogyakarta, 55183, Indonesia

    Sudarisman

Authors
  1. Chensong Dong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sudarisman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ian J. Davies
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chensong Dong.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dong, C., Sudarisman & Davies, I.J. Flexural Properties of E Glass and TR50S Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 22, 41–49 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-012-0247-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-012-0247-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation