SpringerLink
Log in

A Nucleation Mechanism of Hydrogen Blister in Metals and Alloys

  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The nucleation process of hydrogen blister in metals was investigated through experiments and the mechanism was discussed. Small hydrogen blister in charged Ni-P amorphous coating and steel was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen and vacancies in metals are analyzed. Further, an approach of the nucleation mechanism of hydrogen blister is proposed as follows. Atomic hydrogen can induce superabundant vacancies in metals. The superabundant vacancies and hydrogen aggregate into a hydrogen-vacancy cluster (small cavity). The hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen-vacancy cluster become hydrogen molecules that can stabilize the cluster. And the hydrogen blister nucleates. The pressure in the small cavity increases as the hydrogen atoms enter the cavity. The cluster, that is, the hydrogen blister nucleus, grows through vacancies diffusing into it under the action of cluster-hydrogen binding energy and hydrogen pressure. When the blister nucleus grows to a critical size C cr cracks will initiate from the wall of the cavity due to the internal hydrogen pressure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J.H. Andrew, A.K. Bose, G.A. Geach, H. Lee: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1942, No. II, pp. 193–221

    Google Scholar 

  2. J.M. Hodge, M.A. Orehoski, J.E. Steiner: Trans. AIME, 1964, vol. 230, pp. 1182–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. R.T. Fruehan: Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 1997, vol. 24, pp. 61–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. R.L. Schuyler III: Mater. Performance, 1979, vol. 8, pp. 9–16

    Google Scholar 

  5. M. Iino: Metall. Trans. A, 1978, vol. 9A, 1581–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. G. Domizzi, G. Anteri, J. Ovejero-Garcia: Corros. Sci., 2001, vol. 43, pp. 325–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. A.H.M. Krom, A. Bakker, R.W. Koers: Int. J. Pres. Pip., 1997, vol. 72, pp. 139–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. M.W.D. Van Der Burg, E. Van Der Giessen, R.C. Brouwer: Acta Mater., 1996, vol. 44, pp. 505–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. C.N. Panagopoulos, A.S. Ei-Amoush, P.E. Agathocleous: Corros. Sci., 1998, vol. 40, pp. 1837–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. G. Razzini, S. Maffi, G. Mussati, L.P. Bicelli, G. Mitsi: Corros. Sci., 1997, vol. 39, pp. 613–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. S.K. Yen, I.B. Huang: Mater. Chem. Phys., 2003, vol. 80, pp. 662–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. G.B. Shan, Y.W. Wang, W.Y. Chu, J.X. Li, X.D. Hui: Corros. Sci., 2005, vol. 47, pp. 2731–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. G. Solovioff, E. Abramov, D. Eliezer: J. Nucl. Mater., 1994, vol. 217, pp. 287–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Y. Ueda, T. Funabiki, T. Shimada, K. Fukumoto, H. Kurishita, M. Nishikawa: J. Nucl. Mater., 2005, vols. 337–339, pp. 1010–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. L.J. Huang, Q.Y. Tong, Y.L. Chao, T.H. Lee, T. Martini, U. Gösele: Appl. Phys. Lett., 1999, vol. 74, pp. 982–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. S.W. Bedell, W.A. Lanford: J. Appl. Phys., 2001, vol. 90, pp. 1138–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. R.A. Khmelnitskiy, E.V. Zavedeev, A.V. Khomich, A.V. Gooskov, A.A. Gippius: Vacuum, 2005, vol. 78, pp. 273–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. C. Zapffe, C. Sims: Trans. AIME, 1941, vol. 145, pp. 225–32

    Google Scholar 

  19. A.S. Tetelman, W.D. Robertson: Trans. TMS-AIME, 1962, vol. 224, pp. 775–83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. F. Garofalo, Y.T. Chou, V. Ambegaokar: Acta Metall., 1960, vol. 8, pp. 504–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. J. Flis, A. Janko: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci., 1964, vol. 12, pp. 51–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. A.S. Tetelman, W.D. Robertson: Acta Metall., 1963, vol. 11, pp. 415–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. S.M. Schlögl, E. Van der Giessen: Scripta Mater., 2002, vol. 46, pp. 431–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. P. Shewmon, P. Anderson: Acta Mater., 1998, vol. 46, pp. 4861–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. S.M. Schlögl, J. Svoboda, E. Van der Giessen: Acta Mater., 2001, vol. 49, pp. 2227–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Q.J. Zhou, J.Y. He, D.B. Sun, W.Y. Chu, L.J. Qiao: Scripta Mater., 2006, vol. 54, pp. 603–08

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. X. Peng, Y.J. Su, K.W. Gao, L.J. Qiao, W.Y. Chu: Mater. Lett., 2004, vol. 58, 2073–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. S. Yoshida, M. Kiritani, and Y. Shimomura: Lattice Defects in Quenching Metals, R.M.J. Cottrell, ed., Academic Press, New York, NY, 1965, pp. 713–15

  29. J. Silcox, P.B. Hirsch: Philos. Mag. A, 1959, vol. 4, pp. 72–89

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. J.I. Takamura: Physical Metallurgy, R.W. Cahn, ed., North-Holland, New York, NY, 1965, pp. 865–90

  31. Y. Fukai, N. Okuma: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2 (Lett.), 1993, vol. 32, pp. L1256–L1259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Y. Fukai, N. Okuma: Phys. Rev. Lett., 1994, vol. 73, pp. 1640–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. T. Iida, Y. Yamazaki, T. Kobayashi, Y. Iijima, Y. Fukai: Acta Mater., 2005, vol. 53, pp. 3083–89

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Y. Yamazaki, Y. Iijima, M. Okada: Acta Mater., 2004, vol. 52, pp. 1247–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. V.G. Gavriljuk, V.N. Bugaev, Y.N. Petrov, A.V. Tarasenko, B.Z. Yanchitski: Scripta Mater., 1996, vol. 34, pp. 903–07

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. R.B. McLellan, Z.R. Xu: Scripta Mater., 1997, vol. 36, pp. 1201–05

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. P. Maroevic, R.B. McLellan: Acta Mater., 1998, vol. 46, pp. 5593–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. R.H. Fowler, E.T. Guggenheim: Statistical Thermodynamics, Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1949, pp. 112–14

    Google Scholar 

  39. K. Morishita, R. Sugano, B.D. Wirth: J. Nucl. Mater., 2003, vol. 323, pp. 243–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. P.B. Hirsch, J. Silcox, R.E. Smallman, K.H. Westmacott: Philos. Mag. A, 1958, vol. 3, pp. 897–909

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. C.H. Zhang, Q.K. Chen, Y.S. Wang, J.G. Sun: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 1998, vol. 135, pp. 256–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. K. Morishita, R. Sugano, B.D. Wirth, T. Diaz de la Rubia: Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res., Sect. B, 2003, vol. 202, pp. 76–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. H. Metzger, J. Peisl, J. Williams: J. Phys. F, 1976, vol. 6, pp. 2195–2206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. G.J. Thomas, W.D. Drotning: Metall. Trans. A, 1983, vol. 14A, pp. 1545–48

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. A.R. Troiano: Trans. ASM, 1960, vol. 52, pp. 54–61

    Google Scholar 

  46. F.E. Fujita: Trans. JIM., 1976, vol. 17, pp. 232–38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. M.S. Daw, M.I. Baskes: Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter, 1984, vol. 29, pp. 6443–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. F. Besenbacher, J. Bottiger, S.M. Myers: J. Appl. Phys., 1982, vol. 53, pp. 3536–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. J.P. Hirth: Metall. Trans. A, 1980, vol. 11A, pp. 861–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. R.W. Balluffi: in Dislocations in Solids, F.R.N. Nabarro, ed., North Holland, New York, NY, 1982, vol. 4, pp. 112–20.

  51. C.L. Fu, G.S. Painter: J. Mater. Res., 1991, vol. 6, pp. 719–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. G. Busker, M.A. van Huis, R.W. Grimes, A. van Veen: Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res., Sect. B, 2000, vol. 171, pp. 528–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. R.E. Smallman, K.H. Westmacott: J. Appl. Phys., 1959, vol. 30, pp. 603–09

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Y. Shimomura, I. Mukouda: J. Nucl. Mater., 2000, vols. 283–287, pp. 249–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. T.Y. Zhang, H. Shen, J.E. Hack: Scripta Mater., 1992, vol. 27, pp. 1605–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. A. Pundt, R. Kirchheim: Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 2006, vol. 36, pp. 555–608

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. A.K. Tyagi, R.V. Nandedkar: J. Nucl. Mater., 1987, vol. 148, pp. 72–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. D.G. Morris: Scripta Mater., 1980, vol. 14, pp. 879–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. T. Apih, M. Bobnar, J. Dolinsek, L. Jastrow, D. Zander, U. Koster: Solid State Commun., 2005, vol. 134, pp. 337–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. C.R.S. Silva, J.F. Justo, A. Fazzio: J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2004, vols. 338–340, pp. 299–302

    Google Scholar 

  61. D.G. Morris: Scripta Mater., 1981, vol. 15, pp. 813–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Q.P. Cao, J.F. Li, Y.H. Zhou, A. Horsewell, J.Z. Jiang: Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005, vol. 87, pp. 101901–04

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. P.D. Hey, J. Sietsma, A. Van Den Beukel: Acta Mater., 1998, vol. 46, pp. 5873–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. D.P. Rooke, D.J. Cartwright: Compendium of Stress Intensity Factors, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, 1976, pp. 174–75

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 50471096 and the Special Funds for the Major State Basic Research Project No. 2007CB714700.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Q.J. Zhou (Engineer)

    Present address: R&D Center, Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201900, People’s Republic of China

  2. G.B. Shan (Engineer)

    Present address: SINOPEC Safety Engineering Institute, Qingdao, 266071, People’s Republic of China

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Science and Technology Bei**g, Bei**g, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    X.C. Ren (Lecturer), Q.J. Zhou (Engineer), G.B. Shan (Engineer), W.Y. Chu (Professor), J.X. Li (Professor), Y.J. Su (Professor) & L.J. Qiao (Professor)

Authors
  1. X.C. Ren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Q.J. Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. G.B. Shan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. W.Y. Chu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. J.X. Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Y.J. Su
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. L.J. Qiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to X.C. Ren.

Additional information

Manuscript submitted January 19, 2007.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ren, X., Zhou, Q., Shan, G. et al. A Nucleation Mechanism of Hydrogen Blister in Metals and Alloys. Metall Mater Trans A 39, 87–97 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9391-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9391-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation