Abstract
The enzymes of the CHS-superfamily are responsible for biosynthesis of a wide range of natural products in plants. They are important for flower pigmentation, protection against UV light and defense against phytopathogens. Many plants were found to contain multiple copies of CHS genes. This review summarizes the recent progress in the studies of the CHS-superfamily, focusing on the duplication and divergent evolution of the CHS and CHS-like genes. Comparative analyses of gene structure, expression patterns and catalytic properties revealed extensive differentiation in both regulation and function among duplicate CHS genes. It is also proposed that the CHS-like enzymes in the CHS-superfamily evolved from CHS at different times in various organisms. The CHS-superfamily thus offers a valuable model to study the rates and patterns of sequence divergence between duplicate genes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Koes, R. E., Quattrocchio, F., Mol, J. N. M., The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in plants: Function and evolution, BioEssays, 1994, 16: 123–132.
Austin, M. B., Noel, J. P., The chalcone synthase superfamily of type III polyketide synthases, Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20: 79–110.
Ferrer, J. L., Jez, J. M., Bowman, M. E. et al., Structure of chalcone synthase and the molecular basis of plant polyketide biosynthesis, Nat. Struct. Biol., 1999, 6: 775–784.
Durbin, M. L., McCaig, B., Clegg, M. T., Molecular evolution of the chalcone synthase multigene family in the morning glory genome, Plant Mol. Biol., 2000, 42: 79–92.
Tropf, S., Lanz, T., Rensing, S. A. et al., Evidence that stibene synthases have developed from chalcone synthases several times in the course of evolution, J. Mol. Evol., 1994, 38: 610–618.
Helariutta, Y., Kotilainen, M., Elomaa, P. et al., Duplication and functional divergence in the chalcone synthase gene family of Asteraceae: Evolution with substrate change and catalytic simplification, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996, 93: 9033–9038.
Lukacin, R., Springob, K., Urbanke, C. et al., Native acridone synthases I and II from Ruta graveolens L. form homodimers, FEBS Lett., 1999, 448: 135–140.
Preisig-Muller, R., Gnau, P., Kindl, H., The inducible 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene pathway: Characterization and expression of bibenzyl synthase and s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1995, 317: 201–207.
Paniego, N. B., Zuurbier, K. W. M., Fung, S. et al., Phlorisovalerophenone synthase, a novel polyketide synthase from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cones, Eur. J. Biochem., 1999, 262: 612–616.
Schroder, J., A family of plant-specific polyketide synthases: Facts and predictions, Trends Plant Sci., 1997, 2: 373–378.
Ohno, S., Evolution by Gene Duplication, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1970.
Goodman, M., Moore, G. W., Matsuda, G., Darwinian evolution in the genealogy of hemoglobin, Nature, 1975, 253: 603–608.
Li, W. H., Gojobori, T., Rapid evolution of goat and sheep globin genes following gene duplication, Mol. Biol. Evol., 1983, 1: 94–108.
Zhang, L., Vision, T. J., Gaut, B. S., Patterns of nucleotide substitution among simultaneously duplicated gene pairs in Arabidopsis thaliana, Mol. Biol. Evol., 2002, 19: 1464–1473.
Lynch, M., Conery, J. S., The evolutionary fate and consequences of duplicate genes, Science, 2000, 290: 1151–1155.
Force, A., Lynch, M., Pickett, F. B. et al., Preservation of duplicate genes by complementary, degenerative mutations, Genetics, 1999, 151: 1531–1545.
Thornton, J. W., DeSalle, R., Gene family evolution and homology: Genomics meets phylogenetics, Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet., 2000, 1: 41–73.
Koes, R. E., Spelt, C. E., van den Elzen, P. J. M. et al., Cloning and molecular characterization of the chalcone synthase multigene family of Petunia hybrida, Gene, 1989, 81: 245–257.
Koes, R. E., Spelt, C. E., Mol, J. N. M., The chalcone synthase multigene family of Petunia hybrida (V30): Differential, light-regulated expression during flower development and UV light induction, Plant Mol. Biol., 1989, 12: 213–225.
Clegg, M. T., Durbin, M. L., Flower color variation: A model for the experimental study of evolution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, 97: 7016–7023.
Yang, J., Gu, H., Yang, Z., Likelihood analysis of the chalcone synthase genes suggests the role of positive selection in morning glories (Ipomoea), J. Mol. Evol., 2004, 58: 54–63.
Durbin, M. L., Denton, A. L., Clegg, M. T., Dynamics of mobile elements activity in chalcone synthase loci in the common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2001, 98: 5084–5089.
Hoshino, A., Johzuka-Hisatomi, Y., Iida, S., Gene duplication and mobile genetic elements in the morning glories, Gene, 2001, 265: 1–10.
Ito, M., Ichinose, Y., Kato, H. et al., Molecular evolution and functional relevance of the chalcone synthase genes of pea, Mol. Gen. Genet., 1997, 255: 28–37.
Ryder, T. B., Hedrick, S. A., Bell, J. N. et al., Organization and differential activation of a gene family encoding the plant defense enzyme chalcone synthase in Phaseolus vulgaris, Mol. Gen. Genet., 1987, 210: 219–233.
Loake, G. J., Faktor, O., Lamb, C. J. et al., Combination of H-box [CCTACC(N)7CT] and G-box (CACGTG) cis elements is necessary for feed-forward stimulation of a chalcone synthase promoter by the phenylpropanoid-pathway intermediate p-coumaric acid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1992, 89: 9230–9234.
Austin, M. B., Bowman, M. E., Ferrer, J. L. et al., An aldol switch discovered in stilbene synthases mediates cyclization specificity of type III polyketide synthases, Chem. Biol., 2004, 11: 1179–1194.
Helariutta, Y., Elomaa, P., Kotilainen, M. et al., Chalcone synthase-like genes active during corolla development are differentially expressed and encode enzymes with different catalytic properties in Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae), Plant Mol. Biol., 1995, 28: 47–60.
Eckermann, S., Schröder, G., Schmidt, J. et al., New pathway to polyketides in plants, Nature, 1998, 96: 390–397.
Jez, J. M., Austin, M. B., Ferrer, J. L. et al., Structural control of polyketide formation in plant-specific polyketide synthases, Chem. Biol., 2000, 7: 919–930.
Yang, J., Huang, J., Gu, H. et al., Duplication and adaptive evolution of the chalcone synthase genes of Dendranthema (Asteraceae), Mol. Biol. Evol., 2002, 19: 1752–1759.
Harashima, S., Takano, H., Ono, K. et al., Chalcone synthase-like gene in the liverwort, Marchantia paleacea var. diptera, Plant Cell Rep., 2004, 23: 167–173.
Huang, J., Qu, L., Yang, J. et al., A preliminary study on the origin and evolution of chalcone synthase (CHS) gene in angiosperms, Acta Bot. Sin., 2004, 46: 10–19.
Yamazaki, Y., Suh, D., Sitthithaworn, W. et al., Diverse chalcone synthase superfamily enzymes from the most primitive vascular plant, Psilotum nudum, Planta, 2001, 214: 75–84.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, J., Gu, H. Duplication and divergent evolution of the CHS and CHS-like genes in the chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily. CHINESE SCI BULL 51, 505–509 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-006-0505-x
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-006-0505-x