Abstract
Pesticides play a critical role in terms of agricultural output nowadays. On top of that, pesticides provide economic support to our farmers. However, the usage of pesticides has created a public health issue and environmental hazard. Chlorpyrifos (CPY), an organophosphate pesticide, is extensively applied as an insecticide, acaricide, and termiticide against pests in various applications. Environmental pollution has occurred because of the widespread usage of CPY, harming several ecosystems, including soil, sediment, water, air, and biogeochemical cycles. While residual levels in soil, water, vegetables, foodstuffs, and human fluids have been discovered, CPY has also been found in the sediment, soil, and water. The irrefutable pieces of evidence indicate that CPY exposure inhibits the choline esterase enzyme, which impairs the ability of the body to use choline. As a result, neurological, immunological, and psychological consequences are seen in people and the natural environment. Several research studies have been conducted worldwide to identify and develop CPY remediation approaches and its derivatives from the environment. Currently, many detoxification methods are available for pesticides, such as CPY. However, recent research has shown that the breakdown of CPY using bacteria is the most proficient, cost-effective, and sustainable. This current article aims to outline relevant research events, summarize the possible breakdown of CPY into various compounds, and discuss analytical summaries of current research findings on bacterial degradation of CPY and the potential degradation mechanism.
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(Source: Islam et al. 2017)
(Source: Aziz et al. 2022)
(Source: Racke 1993)
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Acknowledgements
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work. The authors also would like to thank the Department of Environmental Science, Parul University, Vadodara, for providing the facilities.
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The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through a large group Research Project under grant number RGP2/192/44.
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All authors have contributed to the conceptualization of the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Pankaj Kumar: conceptualization, methodology, writing original draft, supervision. Muhammad Arshad: methodology, writing original draft. Amel Gacem: data curation, formal analysis. Sunil Soni: conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft. Snigdha Singh: writing—original draft; data curation; formal analysis. Virendra Kumar Yadav: writing—review and editing; formal analysis. Manoj Kumar: writing—original draft; writing—review and editing; formal analysis. Mohd. Tariq: review and editing, formal analysis. Ramesh Kumar: writing—formal analysis. Deepankshi Shah: writing—review and editing; formal analysis. Shivraj Gangadhar Wanale: writing—review and editing; formal analysis. Mohammed Khaloofah Mola Al Mesfer: writing—formal analysis. Javed Khan Bhutto: writing—review and editing. Krishna Kumar Yadav: methodology, writing original draft, supervision.
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Kumar, P., Arshad, M., Gacem, A. et al. Insight into the environmental fate, hazard, detection, and sustainable degradation technologies of chlorpyrifos—an organophosphorus pesticide. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 108347–108369 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30049-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30049-y