Abstract
Cement is an essential material used in constructional activities. An emerging concern in the industry however is the CO2 emissions, which are triggered by cement manufacturing units. These emissions can be controlled to some extent by not using cement exclusively and instead replacing a percentage of it with waste material with properties similar to cement. Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) and rice straw ash (RSA) are waste materials from industrial and agricultural sources which also contain similar constituents that are present in cement. Thus, the objective of this study is to check the effect of EAFD and RSA on concrete properties with the application of Aspergillus niger and Bacillus megaterium. Taguchi’s design of experiments has been utilised to explore the effect of operating parameters (i.e. EAFD and RSA replacement (5%, 10% and 15%), curing period of concrete cubes (7, 14 and 28 days) and cell count of fungus/bacteria (104, 106 and 108 CFU/ml)) on the compressive strength and water absorption capacity of concrete blocks in three different scenarios. Optimisation has then been carried out by using the multi-objective genetic algorithm to evaluate the maximum performance of concrete. However, the results of the study indicate best performance in the 2nd context where dust replacement, curing time and cell count were 5%, 18 days and 9.39 × 107 cells per ml of water, respectively, for concrete production utilising Aspergillus niger.
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Acknowledgements
The authors also acknowledge the valuable comments raised by reviewers and support by Mr. Jay Kumar (M.Tech, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana) in improving the quality of the mansucript.
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The authors are grateful to the Raytheon Chair for Systems Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, for the funding.
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Conceptualisation: Amanpreet Kaur Sodhi and Neeraj Bhanot. Formal analysis: Amanpreet Kaur Sodhi, Neeraj Bhanot and Rajwinder Singh. Funding acquisition: Mohammed Alkahtani. Methodology: Neeraj Bhanot and Rajwinder Singh. Software: Rajwinder Singh. Supervision: Amanpreet Kaur Sodhi, Neeraj Bhanot and Mohammed Alkahtani. Validation: Amanpreet Kaur Sodhi and Mohammed Alkahtani. Writing—original draft: Neeraj Bhanot and Rajwinder Singh. Writing—review and editing: Amanpreet Kaur Sodhi, Neeraj Bhanot and Mohammed Alkahtani.
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Statement of novelty
The current study reports on the combined utilisation of industrial (electric arc furnace dust) and agricultural waste (rice straw ash) along with microbes (Bacillus megaterium and Aspergillus niger) in concrete manufacturing in order to reduce the negative impacts of the wastes on the environment. This study has been conducted in three scenarios while observing the concrete properties vis-a-vis compressive strength and water absorption rate. Efforts have also been made to obtain optimal set of operating parameters being replacement percentage, curing days and cell concentration through integrated Taguchi-based design of experiments and genetic algorithm approach. The outcome of the study facilitated elimination of hazardous wastes to reduce their harmful impacts on environment along with improvement in concrete performance.
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Highlights
• The current study reports on the combined utilisation of industrial (electric arc furnace dust) and agricultural waste (rice straw ash) along with microbes (Bacillus megaterium and Aspergillus niger) in concrete manufacturing in order to reduce the negative impacts of the wastes on the environment.
• This study has been conducted in three scenarios while observing the concrete properties vis-a-vis compressive strength and water absorption rate.
• Efforts have also been made to obtain optimal set of operating parameters being replacement percentage, curing days and cell concentration through integrated Taguchi-based design of experiments and genetic algorithm approach.
• The outcome of the study facilitated elimination of hazardous wastes to reduce their harmful impacts on environment along with improvement in concrete performance.
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Sodhi, A.K., Bhanot, N., Singh, R. et al. Effect of integrating industrial and agricultural wastes on concrete performance with and without microbial activity. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 86092–86108 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16445-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16445-2