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Effect of design and operational parameters on nutrients and heavy metal removal in pilot floating treatment wetlands with Eichhornia Crassipes treating polluted lake water

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Abstract

Though having an economic and ecological impact on Marriott Lake management in Egypt, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is an aquatic floating macrophyte with a known phytoremediation potential. In order to assess its remediation potential, pilot floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) with E. crassipes were built in duplicates to evaluate the removal of nutrients and heavy metals from the polluted lake water. The experimental design included units with different water depths (15, 25, and 35 cm; D15, D25, and D35, respectively) and plant coverage (90, 70, 50, and 0%; P90, P70, P50, and P0, respectively). The pilot FTWs were monitored over a 7-day operation cycle to identify the optimum combination of design (plant coverage, water depth) and operation (hydraulic retention time; HRT) parameters needed for maximum BOD5, TN, NH4-N, and TP removal. NH4-N removal reached 97.4% in the D25P50 unit after 3 days, BOD5 75% in the D15P90 after 3 days, TN 82% in the D25P70 after 4 days, and TP 84.2% in the D35P70 after 4 days. The open-water evaporation rate was higher than the evapotranspiration rate in the planted units, probably due to the warm climate of the study area. Metals were also sufficiently removed through bioaccumulation in plant tissues in the order of Fe > Pb > Cu > Ni (62.5%, 88.9%, 81.7%, and 80.4% for D25P50, D25P70, D25P50, and D25P90, respectively), while most of the assimilated metal mass was translocated to the plant roots. The biochemical composition of the plant tissue was significantly different between the shoot and root parts. Overall, the FTW with 70% E. crassipes coverage, 25-cm water depth, and an HRT of 3–5 days was identified as the optimum design for effective remediation of the polluted Marriott Lake in Egypt.

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The datasets used and/or analyzed in this study are available by the corresponding author on reasonable request (Saadga22@gmail.com).

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Acknowledgments

We would like to express our deep gratitude to Prof. Ali Beltagy, Prof. Ebtessam El-Sayed, and my colleagues in Shore Processes Lab, Marine Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria for their interest and valuable guidance, and colleagues in Shore Processes Lab., Alexandria, Egypt, for their immense support.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the Shore Processes Lab, Marine Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Environment Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, 21556, Egypt

    Mohamed S. Gaballah & Mona M. Ismail

  2. College of Engineering (Key Laboratory for Clean Renewable Energy Utilization Technology, Ministry of Agriculture), China Agricultural University, Bei**g, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Mohamed S. Gaballah & Dominic Aboagye

  3. Agricultural and Bio-system Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Khiary Ismail & Mostafa Sobhi

  4. School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100, Chania, Greece

    Alexandros I. Stefanakis

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  1. Mohamed S. Gaballah
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Contributions

Mohamed S. Gaballah: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, funding acquisition, and writing - original draft.

Khiary Ismail: Supervision, data acquisition, and methodology

Dominic Aboagye: Investigation and visualization

Mona M. Ismail: Data analysis and plant biochemical composition analysis

Mostafa Sobhi: Conceptualization and data acquisition

Alexandros I. Stefanakis: Conceptualization, data analysis, validation, and writing - review and editing

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Correspondence to Mohamed S. Gaballah.

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Gaballah, M.S., Ismail, K., Aboagye, D. et al. Effect of design and operational parameters on nutrients and heavy metal removal in pilot floating treatment wetlands with Eichhornia Crassipes treating polluted lake water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 25664–25678 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12442-7

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