Abstract
The use of alternative fuels or biofuel blends could be a way to reduce the environmental burden of increasing traffic. The aim of this study was to compare emissions from conventional fuels and alternative biofuels for diesel and spark-ignition engines under comparable conditions, i.e., using the World Harmonized Transient Cycle for a heavy-duty diesel engine and the Artemis CADC driving cycle for automobiles powered by gasoline and alternative fuels. Total contents of Ba, Ce, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn were determined in emissions, fuels, and lubricating oils. In addition, the bioaccessibility of metals in emissions was also assessed by extraction in water and in simulated lung fluid (Gamble’s solution). Total particulate mass emissions, expressed per kilogram of fuel, and total contents of metals were higher for the diesel engine than for spark-ignition engines. The highest metal contents in emissions from diesel and gasoline fuels were found for Fe, Zn, and Cu. Fe and Cu in emissions from diesel and spark-ignition engines declined with the addition of bio-components in fuels. However, there was no significant decrease in the contents of other metals in emissions from biofuels. The highest degrees of bioaccessibility were observed for Ba, Zn, Cd, and V in emissions from diesel and biodiesel (according to their solubility in water). On the basis of this study, the use of biodiesel (especially methylesters of rapeseed oil) can be recommended to reduce the total mass of particulate and metal emissions from diesel engines.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agarwal AK, Gupta T, Kothari A (2011) Particulate emissions from biodiesel vs diesel fuelled compression ignition engine. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15:3278–3300
Al-Thani H, Koç M (2018) A review on the direct effect of particulate atmospheric pollution on materials and its mitigation for sustainable cities and societies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:27839–27857
André M (2004) The ARTEMIS European driving cycles for measuring car pollutant emissions. Sci Total Environ 334–335:73–84
Cheung KL, Ntziachristos L, Tzamkiozis T, Schauer JJ, Samaras Z, Moore KF, Sioutas C (2010) Emissions of particulate trace elements, metals and organic species from gasoline, diesel, and biodiesel passenger vehicles and their relation to oxidative potential. Aerosol Sci Technol 44:500–513
Coufalík P, Mikuška P, Matoušek T, Večeřa Z (2016) Determination of the bioaccessible fraction of metals in urban aerosol using simulated lung fluids. Atmos Environ 140:469–475
Dočekal B, Krivan V, Pelz N (1992) Trace and minor element characterization of diesel soot. Fresenius J Anal Chem 343:873–878
Dwivedi D, Agarwal AK, Sharma M (2006) Particulate emission characterization of a biodiesel vs diesel-fuelled compression ignition transport engine: a comparative study. Atmos Environ 40:5586–5595
Fontaras G, Karavalakis G, Kousoulidou M, Tzamkiozis T, Ntziachristos L, Bakeas E, Stournas S, Samaras Z (2009) Effects of biodiesel on passenger car fuel consumption, regulated and non-regulated pollutant emissions over legislated and real-world driving cycles. Fuel 88:1608–1617
Geller MD, Ntziachristos L, Mamakos A, Samaras Z, Schmitz DA, Froines JR, Sioutas C (2006) Physicochemical and redox characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from gasoline and diesel passenger cars. Atmos Environ 40:6988–7004
Grigoratos T, Martini G (2015) Brake wear particle emissions: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:2491–2504
Hu S, Herner JD, Shafer M, Robertson W, Schauer JJ, Dwyer H, Collins J, Huai T, Ayala A (2009) Metals emitted from heavy-duty diesel vehicles equipped with advanced PM and NOX emission controls. Atmos Environ 43:2950–2959
Korn MGA, Santos DSS, Welz B, Vale MGR, Teixeira AP, Lima DC, Ferreira SLC (2007) Atomic spectrometric methods for the determination of metals and metalloids in automotive fuels—a review. Talanta 73:1–11
Larson R (1958) The performance of zinc dithiophosphates as lubricating oil additives. Ind Lubr Tribol 10:12–19
Lim MCH, Ayoko GA, Morawska L, Ristovski ZD, Jayaratne ER (2007) The effects of fuel characteristics and engine operating conditions on the elemental composition of emissions from heavy duty diesel buses. Fuel 86:1831–1839
Maricq MM (2007) Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: a review. J Aerosol Sci 38:1079–1118
Pulles T, van der Gon HD, Appelman W, Verheul M (2012) Emission factors for heavy metals from diesel and petrol used in European vehicles. Atmos Environ 61:641–651
Rocha LDS, Corrêa SM (2018) Determination of size-segregated elements in biodiesel blend exhaust emissions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:18121–18129
Shukla PC, Gupta T, Labhsetwar NK, Agarwal AK (2017) Trace metals and ions in particulates emitted by biodiesel fuelled engine. Fuel 188:603–609
United Nations Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be fitted and/or be used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of these Prescriptions. Regulation no. 49, revision 6, (2013) Appendix I. Online at: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2013/R049r6e.pdf.
Verma V, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C (2010) Contribution of transition metals in the reactive oxygen species activity of PM emissions from retrofitted heavy-duty vehicles. Atmos Environ 44:5165–5173
Vojtisek-Lom M, Beranek V, Stolcpartova J, Pechout M, Klir V (2015) Effects of n-butanol and isobutanol on particulate matter emissions from a Euro 6 direct-injection spark ignition engine during laboratory and on-road tests. SAE Int J Engines 8:2338–2350
Vojtisek-Lom M, Beránek V, Mikuška P, Křůmal K, Coufalík P, Sikorová J, Topinka J (2017) Blends of butanol and hydrotreated vegetable oils as drop-in replacement for diesel engines: effects on combustion and emissions. Fuel 197:407–421
Wahid SMS (2018) Automotive brake wear: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:174–180
Wang YF, Huang KL, Li CT, Mi HH, Luo JH, Tsai PJ (2003) Emissions of fuel metals content from a diesel vehicle engine. Atmos Environ 37:4637–4643
Funding
This work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic under the project P503/13/1438S and by the Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS under Institutional Research Plan RVO: 68081715.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Coufalík, P., Matoušek, T., Křůmal, K. et al. Content of metals in emissions from gasoline, diesel, and alternative mixed biofuels. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 29012–29019 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06144-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06144-4