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Characterization and source identification of pollutants in runoff from a mixed land use watershed using ordination analyses

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Abstract

While identification of critical pollutant sources is the key initial step for cost-effective runoff management, it is challenging due to the highly uncertain nature of runoff pollution, especially during a storm event. To identify critical sources and their quantitative contributions to runoff pollution (especially focusing on phosphorous), two ordination methods were used in this study: principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). For the ordination analyses, we used runoff quality data for 14 storm events, including data for phosphorus, 11 heavy metal species, and eight ionic species measured at the outlets of subcatchments with different land use compositions in a mixed land use watershed. Five factors as sources of runoff pollutants were identified by PCA: agrochemicals, groundwater, native soils, domestic sewage, and urban sources (building materials and automotive activities). PMF identified similar factors to those identified by PCA, with more detailed source mechanisms for groundwater (i.e., nitrate leaching and cation exchange) and urban sources (vehicle components/motor oils/building materials and vehicle exhausts), confirming the sources identified by PCA. PMF was further used to quantify contributions of the identified sources to the water quality. Based on the results, agrochemicals and automotive activities were the two dominant and ubiquitous phosphorus sources (39–61 and 16–47 %, respectively) in the study area, regardless of land use types.

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Acknowledgments

The research was supported by the Korea Ministry of Environment, under the Eco-Innovation Project (No. 413-111-003), and by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2015-Fostering Core Leaders of the Future Basic Science Program/Global Ph.D. Fellowship Program, No. 2015H1A2A1034045).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 100-715, South Korea

    Dong Hoon Lee, ** Hwi Kim, Joseph A. Mendoza & Joo-Hyon Kang

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 499-728, South Korea

    Chang Hee Lee

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  1. Dong Hoon Lee
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Correspondence to Joo-Hyon Kang.

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Lee, D.H., Kim, J.H., Mendoza, J.A. et al. Characterization and source identification of pollutants in runoff from a mixed land use watershed using ordination analyses. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 9774–9790 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6155-x

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