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Lifetime Optimization of the LEACH Protocol in WSNs with Simulated Annealing Algorithm

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Abstract

The lifetime of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is determined by its energy restriction. One of the conventional techniques used to maintain network connectivity is the utilization of the LEACH routing protocol. LEACH is based on clustering, and the process of choosing a Cluster Head (CH) in each round is based on chance. Consequently, it remains unclear whether the best CH is selected for each round. In this study, two approaches based on the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm are described to minimize energy losses of the nodes and improve the lifetime of the WSN utilizing the LEACH routing protocol. In both techniques, the residual energies at the nodes, as well as their distances from each other, are taken into consideration when determining the CHs. The efficiency of the presented approaches has been evaluated for networks with 10, 25, 50 and 100 sensors in terms of consumed energy, total data packets received by the Base Station (BS), the number of active/dead nodes, and the average energy per sensor. According to the findings, the PSCH-SA technique yields the most favorable results in networks with 10 sensors, while the LEACH-SA protocol demonstrates superior performance in WSNs with 25 or more sensors.

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Data Availability

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Code Availability

The code that is used this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ACO:

Ant colony optimization

GA:

Genetic algorithm

SA:

Simulated annealing

WSN:

Wireless sensor network

PSO:

Particle swarm optimization

GSA:

Gravitational search algorithm

CH:

Cluster head

BS:

Base station

LEACH:

Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy

QoS:

Quality of service

BOA:

Butterfly optimization algorithm

PSCH:

Percentage selection of cluster head

TDMA:

Time division multiple access

d :

Euclidian distance

d 0 :

Distance between transmitter and receiver

p :

Probability of CH selection

m :

Bit count

n :

Count of sensor nodes

Δ:

Difference (−)

α:

Cooling factor

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  1. Department of Information Systems Engineering, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey

    Gülşah Gülbaş & Gürcan Çetin

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  1. Gülşah Gülbaş
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Gülbaş, G., Çetin, G. Lifetime Optimization of the LEACH Protocol in WSNs with Simulated Annealing Algorithm. Wireless Pers Commun 132, 2857–2883 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10746-0

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