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Suspended Solid Removal of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Horizontal Roughing Filter and Calcinated Limestone

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Abstract

Severe environmental pollution could occur in water bodies which serve as the discharge sites for improperly treated palm oil mill effluent (POME). This is because POME increases the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) of the water body. This issue is addressed by investigating the use of raw and calcined limestone (800 °C) in a horizontal roughing filter to eliminate SS from POME in this work. The horizontal roughing filter was designed using various sizes of limestone (4 mm, 12 mm, and 20 mm) at various filtration rates (20, 60, and 100 mL/min). In order to model the experimental design, a method achieving ideal process conditions and optimum values of process variables, central composite design (CCD), and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed. From the column study conducted, a higher SS removal (75%) was obtained at a lower flow rate together with a smaller-sized (4 mm) calcined limestone (LS). The statistical analysis produced an SS removal model with considerable probability values (0.000). The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were also used to characterize the adsorption equilibrium during the removal of SS. However, the Langmuir isotherm proved to best fit the data.

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Abbreviations

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

AP:

Adequate precision

APHA:

American Public Health Association

AWWA:

American Water Works Association

BET:

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

BOD:

Biological oxygen demand

CaO:

Lime

CaCo3 :

Calcium carbonate

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

°:

Degrees

°C:

Degrees Celsius

CCD:

Central composite design

CL:

Calcinated limestone

CV:

Coefficient of variance

DO:

Dissolved oxygen

Fe2O3 :

Ferric oxide

Fig:

Figure

g:

Grams

ha:

Hectare

HRF:

Horizontal roughing filter

HRT:

Hydraulic retention time

Kg:

Kilogram

L:

Liters

LOF:

Lack of fit

LS:

Limestone

Mm:

Millimeters

μm:

Micrometer

Mg/L:

Milligrams per liter

MgO:

Magnesium oxide

m2/g:

Square meter per gram

%:

Percent

POME:

Palm oil mill effluent

pH:

Potential hydrogen

RSM:

Response surface methodology

SD:

Standard deviation

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SiO2 :

Silicon dioxide

SS:

Suspended solid

TSS:

Total suspended solids

USA:

United States of America

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

Cc/g:

Cubic centimeter per gram

$:

Dollar sign

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Acknowledgments

This research, which is part of the Solid Waste Management Cluster, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, was awarded the USM Short-Term Grant (Grant No. 304/ PAWAM/60311001).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seberang Perai Selata, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Arezoo Fereidonian Dashti, Hamidi Abdul Aziz & Ali Huddin Ibrahim

  2. Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, P.O.Box 15719-1491, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Ali Zahed

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  1. Arezoo Fereidonian Dashti
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Dashti, A.F., Aziz, H.A., Ibrahim, A.H. et al. Suspended Solid Removal of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Horizontal Roughing Filter and Calcinated Limestone. Water Air Soil Pollut 231, 393 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04755-z

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