Abstract
Particles derived from humic acid, as p(HA), are synthesized in a single step via a water-in-oil microemulsion system employing different cross-linkers such as divinylsulfone (DVS), glutaraldehyde (GA), epichlorohydrine (ECH), and adipochloride (AC). The different phenolic groups on humic moieties are connected via these cross-linkers to form particles. The prepared p(HA) particles were successfully used in the removal of toxic organo-phenolic such as phenol (Ph), 4-nitrophenol (4-NPh), 4-chlorophenol (4-CPh), 2-chlorophenol (2-CPh), and 2,3-dichlorophenol (2,3-CPh) from aqueous environments. Various parameters such as pH, contact time, reusability of particles, and the initial concentration of adsorbate are investigated. It is found that the absorption capacity of p(HA) particles for Ph is 180 mg/g, and the maximum absorption amount is obtained at pH 6. Furthermore, the reuse experiments are shown that p(HA) particles can release the absorbed Ph by the treatment of methanol, and an absorption capacity of 85 % is attainable up to five consecutive absorption and release cycles. p(HA) particles are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amat, A. M., Arques, A., Lopez, F., & Miranda, M. A. (2005). Solar photo catalysis to remove paper mill wastewater pollutants. Solar Energy, 79, 393–401.
Dabrowski, A., Podkoscielny, P., Hubicki, Z., & Barczak, M. (2005). Adsorption of phenolic compounds by activated carbon—a critical review. Chemosphere, 58, 1049–1070.
Fang, H. P., Liang, D. W., & Zhang, T. (2006). Anaerobic treatment of phenol in wastewater under thermophilic condition. Water Research, 40, 427–434.
Iglesias, A., Lopez, R., Gondar, D., Antelo, J., Fiol, S., & Arce, F. (2009). Effect of pH and ionic strength on the binding of paraquat and MCPA by soil fulvic and humic acids. Chemosphere, 76, 107–113.
**g, G., Wang, L., Yu, H., Amer, W. A., & Zhang, L. (2013). Recent progress on study of hybrid hydrogels for water treatment. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, 416, 86–94.
Kantar, C. (2007). Heterogeneous processes affecting metal ion transport in the presence of organic ligands: reactive transport modeling. Earth Science Reviews, 81(3–4), 175–198.
Ko, C. H., Fan, C., Chiang, P. N., Wang, M. K., & Lin, K. C. (2007). p-Nitrophenol, phenol and aniline sorption by organo-clays. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 149, 275–282.
Kujawski, W., Warszawski, A., & Ratajczak, W. (2004). Removal of phenol from wastewater by different separation techniques. Desalination, 163, 287–296.
Liu, T., & Lo, I. M. C. (2011). Influences of humic acid on Cr(VI) removal by zero-valent iron from groundwater with various constituents: implication for long-term PRB performance. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 216, 473–483.
Makarand, G. J., & Robert, L. S. (1982). The kinetics of ozone-phenol reaction in aqueous solutions. Water Research, 16, 933–938.
Moura, M. N., Martin, M. J., & Burguillo, F. J. (2007). A comparative study of the adsorption of humic acid, fulvic acid and phenol onto Bacillus subtilis and activated sludge. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 149, 42–48.
Murphy, R. J., Lenhart, J. J., & Honeyman, B. D. (1999). The sorption of thorium (IV) and uranium (VI) to hematite in the presence of natural organic matter. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 157, 47–62.
Ohlenbusch, G., Kumke, M. U., & Frimmel, F. H. (2000). Sorption of phenols to dissolved organic matter investigated by solid phase microextraction. Science of the Total Environment, 253, 63–74.
Ozay, O., Ekici, S., Baran, Y., Aktas, N., & Sahiner, N. (2009). Removal of toxic metal ions with magnetic hydrogels. Water Research, 43, 4403–4411.
Parent, M. E., & Velegol, D. (2004). E. coli adhesion to silica in the presence of humic acid. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 39, 45–51.
Perez, M., & Torrades, F. (2002). Removal of organic contaminants in paper pulp treatment effluents under Fenton and photo-Fenton conditions. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 36, 63–74.
Perez, I. V., Rogak, S., & Branion, R. (2004). Supercritical water oxidation of phenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 30, 71–87.
Sagbas, S., Butun, S., & Sahiner, N. (2012). Modifiable chemically crosslinked poli(ĸ-carrageenan) particles. Carbohydrate Polymers, 87, 2718–2724.
Sahiner, N., & Sagbas, S. (2013). The preparation of poly(vinyl phosphonic acid) hydrogels as new functional materials for in situ metal nanoparticle preparation. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, 418, 76–83.
Sahiner, N., Ozay, O., & Aktas, N. (2011). Aromatic organic contaminant removal from an aqueous environment by p(4-VP)-based materials. Chemosphere, 85, 832–838.
Sahiner, N., Silan, C., Sagbas, S., Ilgin, P., Butun, S., Erdugan, H., et al. (2012). Porous and modified HA particles as potential drug delivery systems. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 155, 124–130.
Saitoh, T., Sugiura, Y., Asano, K., & Hiraide, M. (2009). Chitosan-conjugated thermo-responsive polymer for the rapid removal of phenol in water. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 69, 792–796.
Santos, A., Yustos, P., & Gomis, S. (2006). Reaction network and kinetic modeling of wet oxidation of phenol catalyzed by activated carbon. Chemical Engineering Science, 61, 2457–2467.
Temmink, H., & Grolle, K. (2005). Tertiary activated carbon treatment of paper and broad industry wastewater. Bioresource Technology, 96, 1683–1689.
Vermeer, A. W. P., van Riemsdijk, W. H., & Koopal, L. K. (1998). Adsorption of humic acid to mineral particles. 1. Specific and electrostatic interactions. Langmuir, 14, 2810–2819.
Wang, D. Y., Qıng, C. L., Guo, T. Y., & Guo, Y. J. (1997). Effects of humic acid on transport and transformation of mercury in soil-plant systems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 95, 35–43.
Westall, J. C., Leuenberger, C., & Schwarzenbach, R. P. (1985). Influence of pH and ionic strength on the aqueous-nonaqueous distribution of chlorinated phenols. Environmental Science & Technology, 19, 193–198.
Yamashita, Y., Tanaka, T., & Adachi, Y. (2013). Transport behavior and deposition kinetics of humic acid under acidic conditions in porous media. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, 417, 230–235.
Zhao, L., & Lee, H. K. (2001). Determination of phenols in water using liquid phase microextraction with back extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography. A, 931, 95–105.
Acknowledgments
N. Sahiner is grateful for the partial financial support by the Turkish Academy of Science.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sagbas, S., Kantar, C. & Sahiner, N. Preparation of Poly(Humic Acid) Particles and Their Use in Toxic Organo-Phenolic Compound Removal from Aqueous Environments. Water Air Soil Pollut 225, 1809 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1809-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1809-5