SpringerLink
Log in

Therapeutic Efficacy of Zinc Sulphate Used in Clustered Model Treatment in Alleviating Zinc Deficiency in Cattle and Its Effect on Hormones, Vitamins and Production Parameters

  • Published:
Veterinary Research Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A survey was conducted in 10 districts of northern India. Significant deficiency of zinc was observed in soil, fodders and (cattle) serum samples. The animals showed typical signs of zinc deficiency, namely stiff gait, swelling of hocks and knees, subcutaneous fluid accumulation, rough coat, etc. of variable intensity. A clustered model therapeutic trial was conducted and zinc-deficient cattle were divided into three groups. Group A was provided with mineral mixture containing zinc sulphate. Group B was given mineral mixture without zinc sulphate and group C was given no mineral mixture. Significant improvement (p < 0.01) was observed in the haemoglobin (Hb), total white blood cells (WBC) and total erythrocyte count (TEC) levels at the 7th day of treatment in the animals of group A. Significant improvement in enzyme serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) was observed in group A animals at the 7th day, while improvement in asparatate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) was observed after 21 days of treatment. Regarding hormones, significant improvement was observed in thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4), oestrogen and progesterone in group A animals within 14 days of treatment. The values of vitamin A showed a highly significant (p < 0.01) improvement within 7 days of treatment in group A animals and that of vitamin E on the 21 st day of treatment. The milk yield of lactating cattle and body weight of growing calves in group A showed highly significant (p < 0.01) increases at about 14 and 30 days, respectively. It is concluded that zinc sulphate supplementation is highly effective in alleviating zinc deficiency and improving various biochemical and production parameters in cattle. The clustered model treatment provides a better indicator of the most limiting element under field conditions where simultaneous deficiency of various minerals is prevalent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Canada)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ALT:

alanine aminotransferase

AST:

aspartate aminotransferase

Cp:

ceruloplasmin

GI:

gastrointestinal

Hb:

haemoglobin

RIA:

radioimmunoassay

SAP:

serum alkaline phosphatase

T3:

triiodothyronine

T4:

thyroxine tetraiodothyronine

TEC:

total erythrocyte count

WBC:

total white blood cell count

References

  • Allen, W.M., Sansom, B.F., Drake, C.F. and Davies, D.C., 1983. A new method for the prevention of trace element deficiencies. Veterinary Science Communications, 2, 73–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Apgar, J., Everett, G.A. and Fetzgerald, J.A., 1993. Dietary zinc deprivation effects parturition and outcome of pregnancy in ewes. Nutrition Research, 13, 319–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergmeyer, H.U., 1983. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 3rd edn, (Verlogchemia, New York), 3, 133–138

  • Boila, R.J., 1987. Supplementary trace minerals for the feedlot finishing of beef steers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 67, 765–774

    Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, R. and Kaur, H., 2001. Isocratic HPLC method for simultaneous determination of β-carotene, retinol and α-tocopherol in feeds and blood plasma. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 54, 84–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesters, J.K., 1992. Trace element gene interactions. Nutrition Review, 50, 217–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Chhabra, A. and Arora, S.P., 1993. Effect of vitamin A and zinc supplement on alcohol dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase activities of goat tissues. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 63, 334–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Chirase, N.K., Hutcheson, D.P. and Thompson, G.P., 1991. Feed intake rectal temperature and serum mineral concentration of feedlot cattle fed zinc oxide or zinc methionine and challenged with infectious bovine rhino tracheitis virus. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 413–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra, E.J., 1972. A radio immune assay for measurement of thyroxine in unextracted serum. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 34, 938–947

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R.G., Wright, D.F., Millar, K.R. and Rowland, J.D., 1989. Reference curves to diagnosis cobalt in sheep using liver and serum vitamin B12 levels. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 37, 7–11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cousins, R.B., 1997. Differential in RNA display competitive polymerase chain reaction and transgenic approaches to investigate zinc responsive gene in animal and man. In: P.W.L.L. Fisher, M.R. Abbe, K.A. Cockell, R.A. Gebson (eds). Proceedings of IX International Symposium on Trace Element in Man and Animals, (NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Canada), 849–852

  • Cox, F.R. and Kamprath, E.J., 1972. Micro nutrients in soil. In: J.J. Mprtvedt, F.M. Goordan and W.L. Lundsay (eds). Micro-nutrients in Agriculture, (Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society of America), 289–317

  • Droke, E.A. and Spears, J.W., 1993. In vitro and in vivo immunological measurements in growing lambs fed diets deficient, marginal or adequate in zinc. Journal of Nutrition, 123, 71–90

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Tohamy, M.H., Haman, A.M. and Ali, U.A., 1997. Some studies on copper element with special reference to the effect of copper deficiency and treatment on reproductive organs of female rabbits. Egyptian Journal of Comparative Pathology and Clinical Pathology, 10, 53–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Engle, T.E., Nockels, C.F., Kimberling, C.V., Weaber, D.L and Johnson, A.B., 1997. Zinc repletion with organic and inorganic forms of zinc and protein turnovers in marginally zinc deficient calves. Journal of Animal Science, 75, 3074–3081

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, G.L., 1975. Function and homeostasis of copper and zinc in mammal. Science of the Total Environment, 4, 373–421

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flodin, N.W., 1979. Vitamin/Trace Mineral/Protein Interactions, vol. 2, (Eden Press, Quebec), 5

  • Franeck, M.A., 1992. Soil lead value in small town environment. A case study from Mt. Pleasant Michigan. Environmental Pollution, 76, 251–257

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gershwin, M.E., Beach, R.S. and Hurley, J.S., 1985. Nutrition and Immunity, (Academic Press, New York)

    Google Scholar 

  • Good, R.A., West, A. and Fernandes, G, 1980. Nutritional modulation of immune responses. Federation Proceedings, 39, 3098–3104

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottsch, M.C., Murdoch, W.J. and Van-Kerk, E.A., 2000. Tumour necrosis factor alpha upregulators matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity in peri ovulatory ovine follicles: metamorphic and endocrine implications. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 12, 75–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves-Hoagland, R.L., Moagland, T.A. and Woody, C.O., 1989. Relationship of plasma β-carotene and vitamin A to leuteal function in postpartum cow. Journal of Dairy Science, 72, 1854–1858

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hambidge, K.M., Casey, C.E. and Krebs, N.F., 1986. Zinc. In: Mirtz, W.D. (ed.), Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 2nd edn, (Academic Press, Orlando), 1–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, N.C., 1986. Schalms Veterinary Haematology, 4th edn, (Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaswan, S. and Bedwal, R.S., 1995. Light and electron microscopic changes in ovary of zinc deficient BALB/C mice. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 33, 469–479

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko, J. J., 1989. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 4th edn, (Academic press, London)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolmer, J.A., Spandling, E.H. and Robinson, H.W, 1951. Approved Laboratory Techniques, (Appleton Century Crofts, New York)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lei, K.Y, Abbasi, A. and Prasad, A.S., 1976. Function of the pituitary gonadal axis in zinc deficient rats. American Journal of Physiology, 230, 1730–1732

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masters, D.G. and Moirs, R.J., 1980. Provision of zinc to sheep by means of an ultra ruminal pellets. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 20, 547–552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, L.R., Conard, J.H., Ellis, GL. and Loosli, J.K., 1983. Minerals for Grazing Ruminants in Tropical Regions, (University of Florida, Gainesville)

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, L.R., 1985. Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates, (Academic Press, New York)

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, L.R., Conard, J.H. and Ellis, G.L., 1984. In: F.M.C. Gilchrist and R.I. Mackee (eds), Mineral deficiencies imbalances and their diagnosis. Symposium on Herbivore Nutrition in Subtropics and Tropical Problems and Prospects, (eds), Pretoria, South Africa, 67–88

  • Miller, J.K. and Miller, W.J., 1960. Development of zinc deficiency in Holstein calves fed a purified diet. Journal of Dairy Science, 43, 1854–1856

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, W.J., 1970. Zinc nutrition in cattle. A review. Journal of Dairy Science, 53, 1123–1135

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Dell, B.L. and Reeves, O.P.G., 1989. Zinc status and food intake. In: Zinc in Human Biology, (ILSI Press, Washington, DC), 173–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Om, A.E. and Chung, K.W., 1996. Dietary zinc deficiency alters 5a reduction and aromatization of testosterone and androgen and estrogen receptors in rat liver. Journal of Nutrition, 126, 842–848

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parisi, A.F. and Vallee, B.L., 1969. Zinc metalloenzymes characteristics and significance in biology and medicine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 22, 1222

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, M.C., Raju, S., Joshi, C., Kaur, H. and Varshney, V.P., 2003. Studies on serum micro mineral, hormone and vitamin profile and its effect on production and therapeutic management of buffaloes in Haryana State of India. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 16, 519–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Sikka, P., 1992. Role of mineral in reproduction. A review. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 45, 159–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, O.B., Akinbomijo, O.O., Forsberg, M., Gerve, T., Gustafsson, H., Katila, T., Kindahl, H. and Ropstad, E., 2000. Micro nutrients and reproduction in farm animals. Animal Reproduction Science, 61, 549–560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S.E. and Loosli, J.K., 1957. Cobalt and vitamin B12 in ruminant nutrition. A review. Dairy Science, 40, 1215

    Google Scholar 

  • Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G, 1967. Statistical Methods, 6th edn, (Oxford, IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi)

    Google Scholar 

  • Snaith, S.M. and Leuvy, G.A., 1968. α-Mannosidase as zinc dependent enzyme. Nature, 218, 91

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suttle, N.F., 1987. The absorption, retention and function of micro nutrients. In Hacker, J.B. and Ternonth, J.H. (eds), Nutrition in Herbivores, (Academic Press, Sydney), 333–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinkels, J.W.G.M., Kornegay, E.T., Zhou, W., Lindemann, M.D., Webb, K.E. and Verstegen, M.W.A., 1996. Effectiveness of a zinc amino acid chelate and zinc sulphate in restoring serum and soft tissue zinc concentration when fed to zinc depleted pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 74, 2420–2430

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talapatra, S.K., Roy, S.C. and Sen, K.C., 1940. Estimation of phosphorus, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in feeding stuffs. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, 10, 243

    Google Scholar 

  • Taussky, H.H. and Shorr, E., 1953. A micro calorimetric method for the determination of inorganic phosphorus. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 202, 675–685

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, W.R., Elvejein, C.A. and Hart, E.B., 1934. Zinc in nutrition of rat. American Journal of Physiology, 107, 146–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Towers, N.R., Gravett, I., Smith, J.F., Smeaton, P.C. and Kinght, T.W., 1993. In: N.D. Grace (ed), The Mineral Requirements of Grazing Ruminants, (Occasional Publication No. 9, New Zealand Society of Animal Production), 142–149

  • Trolson, J.E., 1969. Outline for in vitro digestion of forage samples, (Research Station Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada)

  • Tucker, H.F. and Salmon, W.D., 1955. Paraketosis or zinc deficiency disease in pig. Proceeding of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicne, 88, 613–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, E.J. and Suttle, N.F., 1999. The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock, 3rd edn, (CAB Publications, UK)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wedekind, K.J., Hortein, A.E and Baker, D.H., 1992. Methodology for assessing zinc bioavailability: efficacy estimates for zinc methionine-zinc sulphate and zinc oxide. Journal of Animal Science, 70, 178–187

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, W.P., Hogan, J.S., Todhunter, D.A. and Smith, K.L., 1997. Effect of vitamin A supplementation in diets with low concentration of selenium on mammary gland health of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 1728–1737

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wooten, L., Shulze, R., Lancey, R., Lietzow, M. and Linder, M.C., 1996. Ceruloplasmin is found in milk and amniotic fluid and may have a nutritional role. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 7, 632–639

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Fellow Laboratory, Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, UP, India

    M. C. Sharma & C. Joshi

Authors
  1. M. C. Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Joshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sharma, M.C., Joshi, C. Therapeutic Efficacy of Zinc Sulphate Used in Clustered Model Treatment in Alleviating Zinc Deficiency in Cattle and Its Effect on Hormones, Vitamins and Production Parameters. Vet Res Commun 29, 609–628 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-005-3382-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-005-3382-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation