Abstract
Grape berries polyphenols are mainly synthesized in the skin tissues and seeds and they are extracted during the winemaking process. These substances have a potentially positive effect, on human health, thus giving to grape and red wine “functional properties” that can contribute to prevent a number of human illness. Nevertheless, the research community is showing that the real effect is a result of a combination of different factors, notably daily intake, bioavailability, or in vivo antioxidant activity that are yet to be resolved. Viticulture and winemaking practices, determine the concentration of polyphenols in grape and wine. To date, reduced knowledge is existing on the effects of different yeast strains on the final concentration of polyphenols in red wine. We summarize the recent findings concerning the effects of polyphenols on human chronic disease and the future directions for research to increase the amount of these compounds in wine.
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Abbreviations
- PAL:
-
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
- C4H:
-
Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase
- 4CL:
-
4-Hydroxy-Cinnamoyl CoA Ligase
- CHS:
-
Chalcone Syntase
- CHI:
-
Chalcone Isomerase
- STS:
-
Stilbene Synthase
- IFH:
-
Isoflavon Hydroxylase
- IFR:
-
Isoflavon Reductase
- F3H:
-
Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase
- F3’5’H:
-
Flavonoid-3′ 5′-Hydroxylase
- DFR:
-
Dihydroflavonol Reductase
- ANS:
-
Anthocyanidins Synthase
- ANR:
-
Anthocyanidins Reductase
- 3-GT:
-
3-Glucosyltransferase
- OMT:
-
OxyMethyl-Transferase
- ROS:
-
Reactive Oxygen Species
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research - Project S.I.Mi.S.A. - PON02_00186_3417512/1 and Project Pro.Ali.Fun - PON02_00186_2937475.
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All the authors do not have any competing financial or other interests in relation to the presented work.
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Giovinazzo, G., Grieco, F. Functional Properties of Grape and Wine Polyphenols. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 70, 454–462 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-015-0518-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-015-0518-1