Abstract
Background and aims
Amazonia comprises a mosaic of ecosystems that harbor high biodiversity. Knowledge about fungal diversity and ecology in this region remains very limited. Here, we examine soil fungal communities in forests of the Colombian Amazonia and their relationship to important edaphic variables.
Methods
Fungal communities were studied in terra-firme forests dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees, terra-firme forests with the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree Pseudomonotes tropenbosii (Dipterocarpaceae), and white sand forests (WSF) with the EcM host plant genera Dicymbe and Aldina (Fabaceae). Fungal community composition was determined through 454-pyrosequencing of the ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA. We established the impact of the type of forest and edaphic parameters in structuring the fungal communities.
Results
We found a high diversity of fungi with 2,507 OTUs occurring in the soil samples studied. Carbon content and pH were the main edaphic factors contributing to structure the fungal community across all forests. Fungal community composition differs among terra-firme plots and WSF, while it was similar among AM and EcM-dominated areas in terra-firme. Our results revealed an important EcM fungal diversity in terra-firme AM-forests, where some EcM plants such as the ones in the genera Coccoloba and Neea occur scattered within an AM-matrix.
Conclusions
This is a first approximation to understand the ecology of soil fungal communities in forests of the Colombian Amazonia. We found that fungal soil communities have a spatial variation related to forest type (terra-firme and WSF), soil pH, and soil carbon content. Due to the strong correlation between vegetation and soil fertility in Amazonia, it is difficult to understand the effects of those factors to the fungal communities.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported in part by grants to Aida Vasco-Palacios from The Netherlands Fellowship Programmes (NFP) of the Netherlands organization for international cooperation in higher education (NUFFIC), The Faculty for the Future - Schlumberger Foundation (FFTF Grant 2011–2013), and The International Foundation of Science (IFS Grant D/5052–1, 2011-2-13f) and Utrecht University 2014-2015. We would also like to thank Miguel Arcangel and Eduardo Paki and his family for their advice on the forests; Maria Cristina Peñuela for her contributions to the knowledge of white-sand forests in Colombia and for facilitating our work in the biological station El Zafire, and the Laboratorio TEHO of la Universidad de Antioquia. To Wilson López for his support and advice with the statistical analysis in R and to Diego Fernando Ramírez Guerrero for his valuable comments, which helped to improve the manuscript. Research permission for this study was number 07, 01-March-2012 (Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales, ANLA-Colombia). Access to genetic resources for scientific research contract, with non-commercial interest No 73, 21 May 2013 (Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, MADS-Colombia).
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Fig. 1
a Differences in species richness between AMF, PtF, and WSF in Colombia. Species richness residuals and standard deviation of species richness recovered from rainforest soils in the Amazon region in Colombia. The internal black bar within the boxes is the standard deviation. The external bars indicate the lowest and highest data of species richness. b Differences in species richness of EcM fungi between AMF, PtF, and WSF in Colombia (PNG 32 kb)
Fig. 2
Cluster analysis showing similarity values of the fungal community compositions between plots based on the Jaccard index. Scale 0–1, with 1 indicating maximal similarity. Color brown represents plots from WSFs, green from PtFs and orange from AMFs. Plots were established in three localities, the biological station El Zafire in red color, and in the Middle Caquetá region, the localities of Peña Roja (PR) in blue color and Puerto Santander (PS) in violet color (PNG 305 kb)
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Vasco-Palacios, A.M., Bahram, M., Boekhout, T. et al. Carbon content and pH as important drivers of fungal community structure in three Amazon forests. Plant Soil 450, 111–131 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04218-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04218-3