Abstract
The interaction of laser beams with metal oxide nanoparticles can be proposed for water remediation and cancer treatment. In this paper, H2Ti3O7 nanotubes (NTs) were synthesized by anodization technique and characterized using UV–visible, Raman scattering and FTIR and spectroscopies, field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential, thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The results declare that monoclinic hydrogen titanium oxide with a mean crystallite size of 16.0 nm is formed. The H2Ti3O7 NTs also have an average outer diameter and shell thickness of 34.0 nm and 1.69 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the NTs have considerable thermal stability and high colloidal stability with a negative surface charge value of − 39.6 mV. Additionally, the interactions of different laser lights with H2Ti3O7 NTs in the vicinity of lung and prostate cancer as two of the first frequent malignancy worldwide in male cancer with a significant increasing trend are in vitro investigated. The effects of various concentrations of bare H2Ti3O7 NTs at different incubation times in the presence and absence of laser light are investigated to estimate the effectiveness of the photodynamic therapy. Also, different laser wavelengths, laser intensities, and exposure times are applied to treat lung (A549 cells) and prostate (LNCap cells) treatment. The results indicated that H2Ti3O7 NTs can be an excellent candidate for the treatment of lung and prostate cancers and the reasons for the success of the treatment in dark and irradiated conditions are described in the paper.
Graphical abstract
![](http://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Figa_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig10_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig12_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig13_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04977-5/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4977_Fig14_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data included in this paper are available upon request by contact with the corresponding author.
References
Abbaspoor, M., Aliannezhadi, M., Tehrani, F.S.: Effect of solution pH on as-synthesized and calcined WO3 nanoparticles synthesized using sol–gel method. Opt. Mater. 12, 111552 (2021)
Abbaspoor, M., Aliannezhadi, M., Tehrani, F.S.: High-performance photocatalytic WO3 nanoparticles for treatment of acidic wastewater. J. Sol Gel Sci. Technol. 105(2), 565–576 (2023)
Al-Awady, M.J., Greenway, G.M., Paunov, V.N.: Nanotoxicity of polyelectrolyte-functionalized titania nanoparticles towards microalgae and yeast: role of the particle concentration, size and surface charge. RSC Adv. 5(46), 37044–37059 (2015)
Al-Awady, M.J., et al.: Investigation of anti-MRSA and anticancer activity of eco-friendly synthesized silver nanoparticles from palm dates extract. Nano Biomed. Eng. 11(2), 157–169 (2019)
Alfaro, A., et al.: MgO nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol as carrier for 2-methoxyestradiol anticancer drug. PLoS ONE 14(8), e0214900 (2019)
Aliannezhadi, M., Minbashi, M., Tuchin, V.V.: Effect of laser intensity and exposure time on photothermal therapy with nanoparticles heated by a 793-nm diode laser and tissue optical clearing. Quantum Electron. 48(6), 559–564 (2018)
Aliannezhadi, M., Abbaspoor, M., Shariatmadar Tehrani, F., Jamali, M.: High photocatalytic WO3 nanoparticles synthesized using sol–gel method at different stirring times. Opt. Quantum Electron. 55(3), 250 (2023)
Al-Shreefy, H.H., Al-Awady, M.J., Al-Wasiti, E.: Characterization and cytotoxicity of novel synthesis selenium nanoparticles stabilized by vitamin E TPGS. J. Univ. Shanghai Sci. Technol. 24(2), 214–238 (2022). https://doi.org/10.51201/JUSST/22/0233
Arabeyyat, Z.H., Al-Awady, M.J., Greenway, G.M., Paunov, V.N., Rotchell, J.M.: Toxicity of polyelectrolyte-functionalized titania nanoparticles in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. SN Appl. Sci. 2, 1–12 (2020)
Bahadori, A., Dizaji, H.R., Memarian, N., Aliannezhadi, M.: Effect of preparation conditions on physical properties of manganese oxide thin films. J. Sol Gel Sci. Technol. 95, 180–189 (2020a)
Bahadori, A., Dizaji, H.R., Memarian, N., Aliannezhadi, M.: Effect of preparation conditions on physical properties of manganese oxide thin films. J. Sol Gel Sci. Technol. 95(1), 180–189 (2020b)
Caratão, B., Carneiro, E., Sá, P., Almeida, B., Carvalho, S.: Properties of electrospun TiO2 nanofibers. J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 1–5 (2014)
Çeşmeli, S., BirayAvci, C.: Application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in cancer therapies. J. Drug Target. 27(7), 762–766 (2019)
Chang, Y.-C., Lin, J.-C., Chou, C.-M.: H2Ti3O7 nanowires as a high-performance photocatalytic and surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 400, 112666 (2020)
Chatterjee, S., Tyagi, A.K., Ayyub, P.: Efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye by aligned arrays of self-assembled hydrogen titanate nanotubes. J. Nanomater. 2014, 36–36 (2014)
Feoktistova, M., Geserick, P., Leverkus, M.: Crystal violet assay for determining viability of cultured cells. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2016(4), pdb.prot087379 (2016)
Gao, R., Huang, Y., Liu, D., Li, G.: Effect of heat treatment process on the structure and properties of nano-TiO2. Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol. 20(1), 405–410 (2021)
García-Contreras, L.A., Flores-Flores, J.O., Arenas-Alatorre, J.Á., Chávez-Carvayar, J.Á.: Synthesis, characterization and study of the structural change of nanobelts of TiO2 (H2Ti3O7) to nanobelts with anatase, brookite and rutile phases. J. Alloys Compd. 923, 166236 (2022)
Geiseler, B., Miljevic, M., Müller, P., Fruk, L.J.: Phototriggered production of reactive oxygen species by TiO2 nanospheres and rods. J. Nanomater. 2012, 21 (2012)
Guo, G.-S., He, C.-N., Wang, Z.-H., Gu, F.-B., Han, D.-M.: Synthesis of titania and titanate nanomaterials and their application in environmental analytical chemistry. Talanta 72(5), 1687–1692 (2007)
Harada, A., Ono, M., Yuba, E., Kono, K.: Titanium dioxide nanoparticle-entrapped polyion complex micelles generate singlet oxygen in the cells by ultrasound irradiation for sonodynamic therapy. Biomater. Sci. 1(1), 65–73 (2013)
Hardcastle, F.: Raman spectroscopy of titania (TiO2) nanotubular water-splitting catalysts. J. Arkansas Acad. Sci. 65(1), 43–48 (2011)
Jun, Y., Park, J.H., Kang, M.G.: The preparation of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays by an anodization method and their applications. Chem. Commun. 48(52), 6456–6471 (2012)
Kanehira, K., et al.: Fluorescence enhancement effect of TiO2 nanoparticles and application for photodynamic diagnosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20(15), 3698 (2019)
Kim, I.Y., Lee, T.G., Reipa, V., Heo, M.B.: Titanium dioxide induces apoptosis under UVA irradiation via the generation of lysosomal membrane permeabilization-dependent reactive oxygen species in HaCaT cells. Nanomaterials 11(8), 1943 (2021)
Lee, C., Hong, C., Kim, H., Kang, J., Zheng, H.M.: TiO2 nanotubes as a therapeutic agent for cancer thermotherapy. Photochem. Photobiol. 86(4), 981–989 (2010)
Lee, K., Mazare, A., Schmuki, P.: One-dimensional titanium dioxide nanomaterials: nanotubes. Chem. Rev. 114(19), 9385–9454 (2014)
Mahmoodi, N.O., Ghavidast, A., Amirmahani, N.: A comparative study on the nanoparticles for improved drug delivery systems. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 162, 681–693 (2016)
Maira, A., Coronado, J., Augugliaro, V., Yeung, K., Conesa, J., Soria, J.: Fourier transform infrared study of the performance of nanostructured TiO2 particles for the photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous toluene. J. Catal. 202(2), 413–420 (2001)
Matoba, Y., Banno, K., Kisu, I., Aoki, D.: Clinical application of photodynamic diagnosis and photodynamic therapy for gynecologic malignant diseases: a review. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 24, 52–57 (2018)
Nam, C.T., Yang, W.-D., Le Minh, D.: Study on photocatalysis of TiO2 nanotubes prepared by methanol–thermal synthesis at low temperature. Bull. Mater. Sci. 36(5), 779–788 (2013)
Nowak, M., Kauch, B., Szperlich, P.: Determination of energy band gap of nanocrystalline SbSI using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80(4), 046107 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3103603
Ramimoghadam, D., Bagheri, S., Abd Hamid, S.B.: Biotemplated synthesis of anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles via lignocellulosic waste material. BioMed Res. Int. 2014, 1–7 (2014)
Rawla, P.: Epidemiology of prostate cancer. World J. Oncol. 10(2), 63–89 (2019)
Reznikov, A., Salivonyk, O., Sotkis, A., Shuba, Y.: Assessment of gold nanoparticle effect on prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Exp. Oncol. 37(2), 100–104 (2015)
Riley, P.J.: Free radicals in biology: oxidative stress and the effects of ionizing radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 65(1), 27–33 (1994)
Shajeelammal, J., Mohammed, S., Asok, A., Shukla, S.: Removal of methylene blue and azo reactive dyes from aqueous solution and textile effluent via modified pulsed low-frequency ultrasound cavitation process. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 1–23 (2022)
Sheikhi, S., Aliannezhadi, M., Shariatmadar Tehrani, F.: Effect of precursor material, pH, and aging on ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by one-step sol–gel method for photodynamic and photocatalytic applications. Eur. Phys. J. plus 137(1), 60 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-02252-8
Sheikhi, S., Aliannezhadi, M., Tehrani, F.S.: The effect of PEGylation on optical and structural properties of ZnO nanostructures for photocatalyst and photodynamic applications. Mater. Today Commun. 34, 105103 (2023)
Sung, H., et al.: Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71(3), 209–249 (2021)
Tehrani, F.S., Ahmadian, H., Aliannezhadi, M.: Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of WO3 nanostructures: effect of reaction time. Mater. Res. Express 7(1), 015911 (2020)
Tehrani, F.S., Ahmadian, H., Aliannezhadi, M.: High specific surface area micro-mesoporous WO3 nanostructures synthesized with facile hydrothermal method. Eur. Phys. J. plus 136(1), 1–11 (2021)
Terracciano, M., Galstyan, V., Rea, I., Casalino, M., De Stefano, L., Sbervegleri, G.: Chemical modification of TiO2 nanotube arrays for label-free optical biosensing applications. Appl. Surf. Sci. 419, 235–240 (2017)
Thevenot, P., Cho, J., Wavhal, D., Timmons, R.B., Tang, L.: Surface chemistry influences cancer killing effect of TiO2 nanoparticles. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 4(3), 226–236 (2008)
Vrchovecká, K., et al.: A release of Ti-ions from nanostructured titanium oxide surfaces. Surf. Interfaces 29, 101699 (2022)
Yajun, J.: Growth mechanism and photocatalytic performance of double-walled and bamboo-type TiO2 nanotube arrays. RSC Adv. 4(76), 40474–40481 (2014)
Yurt, F., et al.: Investigation of in vitro PDT activities of zinc phthalocyanine immobilised TiO2 nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 524(1–2), 467–474 (2017)
Yurt, F., et al.: Photodynamic therapy and nuclear imaging activities of SubPhthalocyanine integrated TiO2 nanoparticles. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 367, 45–55 (2018)
Zappa, C., Mousa, S.A.: Non-small cell lung cancer: current treatment and future advances. Transl. Lung Cancer Res. 5(3), 288–300 (2016)
Zhang, H., Shan, Y., Dong, L.: A comparison of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy for cancer. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 10(8), 1450–1457 (2014)
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MA and MJA did Conceptualization and M IA, RAG, MA, and MJA did methodology, and RAG and MA applied software, and MJA, RAG, and MA investigated validation and MIA did formal analysis, M IA, RAG, MA, and MJA did the investigation, MA and RAG did data curation, MIA, RAG, MA, and MJA wrote the manuscript, MA, RAG, and MJA did the review and editing, and MA is the supervision of the project and RAG, MJA, and MA are project administration. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Also, all authors reviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
It is not applicable because the studies were done in vitro.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Al-Shemri, M.I., Aliannezhadi, M., Al-Awady, M.J. et al. Interaction of different lasers beams with synthesized H2Ti3O7 nanotubes: toward photodynamic therapy. Opt Quant Electron 55, 671 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04977-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04977-5